Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates
1. Polymers
2. Glucose
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. Alpha
  3. Beta
3. Condensation Reactions
  1. H2O released
  2. Glycosidic Bond
4. Hydrolysis Reaction
  1. Polymers broken down by adding H2O
5. Benedict's Test
  1. Copper (I) Oxide formed
  2. Blue to red
  3. Reducing sugars only
6. Examples
  1. Starch
    1. Plants
    2. Insoluble in water
      1. Doesn't affect water potential
      2. Good for storage
    3. Iodide Test
      1. Potassium Iodide
      2. Goes blue-black
  2. Glycogen
    1. Animals
    2. Highly branched
      1. Energy released quickly
    3. Very compact
      1. Good for storage
  3. Cellulose
    1. Beta glucose
    2. Straight Chains
      1. Hydrogen Bonds
      2. Microfibrils
        Structural Support
Lipids
1. Triglycerides
  1. Glycerol molecule
  2. Fatty acid tail
    1. Hydrophobic
  3. Condensation reactions
    1. Formed as ester bond formed
2. Saturated
3. Unsaturated
4. Emulsion Test
  1. Ethanol + Water
  2. Shake
  3. Cloudy Emulsion
Proteins
1. Amino acid chains
2. Condensation Reactions
3. Structural Levels
  1. Primary
    1. Sequence of amino acids
  2. Secondary
    1. Chain folded
  3. Tertiary
    1. Coilded more
    2. Bonds
      1. Hydrogen
      2. Disulfide Bridged
      3. Ionic
  4. Quarternary
    1. Different strands coiled together
4. Biuret Test
  1. Add NaOH
  2. Copper (II) Sulfate
  3. Purple
Enzymes
1. Biological Catalyst
2. Lower Ea of a reaction
3. Induced Fit model
  1. Active site changes shape to fit substrate

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Biological Molecules

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	Created by Alex Lyes almost 8 years ago