Disorganised speech, bizarre behaviour, flat effect, social withdrawal, avolition
Catatonic
Excessive motor activity or rigid posture for hours.
Residual
Recovering - mild symptoms.
Paranoid
Hallucinations and delusions of grandeur or persecution.
Undifferentiated
A mixture of symptoms
Symptoms.
Positive - extra characteristics.
Hallucinations, delusions
Thought and speech disturbances.
Jump from topics to topic - worse in men than women - Goldstein
Negative - minus normal characteristics.
Avolition - lack of interest in daily life
Absence of emotion
Absence of social function
People with negative symptoms dont succeed in education, social situations - Eaton
Diagnosis
DSMiv - core symptoms (hallucinations, delusions) must be present for at least one month. Other symptoms such as poor social function must be present for 6 months.
Due to unspecific criteria misdiagnosis may occur.
Leads to wrong treatment.
Subjective - may lie to get a certain treatment, embarrassment.
Labelling
Poor validity in diagnosis.
Scheff - Label influences behaviour.
Patients' behaviour and people who know the patient
Rosenhan - 8 healthy people make appointments in hospitals using the words 'thud' , 'hollow' , 'empty'. Acted normal inside.
All were diagnosed as schizophrenic.
Left with diagnosis in remission
Hard to get rid of the label
Shows normal behaviour was seen as abnormal
All were ignored by staff
Shows change in behaviour
Average stay was 17 days
Unethical
If you deny the existence of sch' you cannot treat it.
Doesn't explain where the label comes from in the first place. Explains the maintenance but not the cause of symptoms.
Szasz - anti-labeller. Sch' is a way of coping with problems in their lives.
Biological
Genetic predisposition.
Twin study.
Gottesman and Shields. - MZ = 48% .... DZ=17%
100% criticism. If entirely genetic then should be 100% for MZs.