Media English

Media English

1. Political Speeches

   • Divisions (Aristotle)
     • Political: persuading others to vote with you
     • Forensic: prosecuting or attacking
     • Epidemic: ceremonial
   • Appeals (Aristotle)
     • Logos: reasonable arguments applied to the case.
     • Ethos: preservation of the goodness of the speaker
     • Pathos: appeal to the feelings of the audience
   • Traditionally rhetoric features
     • Alliteration
     • Antithesis
     • Assonance
     • References to the present time, place and audience
     • Word pairs
     • Tri-colon: a series of three
     • Rhythm
   • Opposites and parallelism

2. New TV Genres

   • Hughes 2005: The elements of style that link particular modes of representation
   • Reality Television
   • Fake News
   • Interactive Sports

3. Newspapers

   • Halliday: Process Types
     • Material: A does something to B
     • Behavioural: A does something
     • Verbal: A says something
     • Mental: A thinks something
     • Extension: There is A
     • Relational: A is B
   • News Values
     • Negativity: preference for bad news
     • Unexpectedness: The event is unpredictable
     • Unambiguity: A single clear view of the meaning of the story
     • Personalisation: actions of an individual
     • Meaningfulness: the event is close to the lives and values of the individual
     • Consonance: Fits with expectations
     • Continuity: Event is already in the news
     • Threshold: events have large/ broad affects
     • Recency: Events have just happened
     • Harcup & O'Neill
   • Indications of News Values
     • Values and Adverbs
     • Superlatives
     • Evaluative Language
     • Emotive Language
   • Semino and Short 2009: Categorising Speech
     • Direct Speech e.g. He said...
     • Indirect Speech e.g. he said that... (shifting pronouns and paraphrasing)
     • Narrative Report e.g. He announced...
     • Embedded Quotations e.g. he said he would 'ban...

4. New Internet Genres

5. Genres

   • Fairclough 1992 'a relatively stable set of conventions that is associated with, and partly enacts, a socially ratified activity.
     • Conventions
       • Macrostructure: i.e. the internal structure of the text. e.g. questions/ summary
       • Grammar
       • Vocabulary
   • Text-type: based mainly on text internal criteria.
   • Genre: based on text eternal criteria.
   • Genres can vary in terms of...
     • How strictly they are defined
     • The sanctions for violating these norms
     • Over time
     • Across cultures
   • Fairclough 'Intertextuality': The shaping of a meaning of one text by another text.
   • Cook 'Inter(generic) intertextuality/ 'Interdiscursivity': is an aspect of discourse that relates to other discourse.
   • Changing Genres
     • Material Signifiers e.g. setting.
     • Verbal Language and paralanguage
     • Sub-language