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Judaism (Religion)

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Judaism (Religion)

Major divisions
- Orthodox
  - Majority in Britain
  - Developed by Rabbi Hirsch in 1800s
    - Believed Jews could live in modern society and still observe all 613 laws
      - Traditional dress
        Male
        Kippah or brimmed hat
        Female
        Sheitel
        Scarf or wig
        Modesty
        Long sleeves and skirt
      - Genders segregated at synogogue
      - Girls don't have a Bat Mitzvah, they have a Bat Chayil (Daughter of valour) instead
- Reform
  - Minority in Britain
  - Developed by Moses Mendelsson
- Other types of Jew
  - Ashkenazi
    - From Germany
  - Sephardim
    - From Spain
  - Progressive/ liberal
    - Welcomes all regardless of marital status or sexual orientation
  - Hasidic
    - Lubavitch
      - Biggest Hasidic group
Places and forms of worship
- Worship
  - Synogogue
    - Features
      - Symbols of Judaism
        Magen David
        Six pointed star
        Menorah
        Seven branched candlestick
      - Aron Hakodesh
        Focal point
      - 10 commandments
      - Bimah
        Central platform where Torah is read
      - Ner Tamid
        God's eternal presence
      - Sefer Torah
        Respect
        Yad
        Hand pointer
        Genizah
        Storage closet for old Torahs
        Later buried
      - Seating
      - Mikveh
        Bath containing holy water
      - Cheder
    - 'And you shall make for me a sanctity, and I will dwell amoung them.'
  - Home
    - Mezuzah
      - Shema prayer on parchment
        Above every door to remind Jews of God's laws
Core beliefs
- God
  - Attributes
    - Transcendent
    - Immanent
    - Omni
      - Potent
        'God said, let there be light, and there was light.'-(Gen)
      - Present
      - Scient
    - Benevolent
    - 'God created man in his own image.'-(Gen)
    - Monotheism
      - One God
        'I am the Lord your God, and you shall have no other God's before me.'
  - Idolatry
    - No pictures
    - Yahweh too sacred to say
- Messiah
  - Messianic Age
    - Future free of crime, war or poverty
      - 'Nation shall not take up sword against nation'-(Micah)
      - Tikkum Olam
        Human efforts to repair world
      - Halakhah
        Walking with God
  - Anointed one
- Covenants
  - Moses
    - God gave Torah
      - Contained 613 commandments (mitzvot)
        248 positive
        Aseh
        Male
        365 negative
        Ta'aseh
        Female
        Pikuakh Nefesh
        Can break a law in order to save a life
        'Whoever saves a life, it is as if he saved an entire world.'-Mishnah
    - Exodus
      - After tenth plague, pharoah set Jews free from slavery
        Moses led Jews out of Egypt, and through the red sea
  - Abraham
    - Israel
    - Children (Isaac)
    - Circumcision
Sacred writings
- Talmud
  - 'To teach'
    - Gemara
      - Discussion on the Mishnah
    - Mishnah
      - Oral Torah written down
- TeNaKh
  - Torah
    - Law, teaching or direction
      - Genesis
      - Exodus
      - Numbers
      - Leveticus
      - Deuteronomy
  - Nevi'im
    - Prophets
      - Joshua
      - Samual
      - Isiah
      - Jeremiah
      - Ezekiel
  - Ketuvim
    - Writings
      - Psalms
      - Proberbs
Religion in the community and family
- Synogogue
  - Bet Ha-tefilla
    - House of prayer
  - Bet Ha-midrash
    - House of study
  - Bet-Ha knesset
    - House of assembly
- Kashrut
  - Kosher 'Pure' home and lifestyle
    - Food
      - Kosher
        Any animal with four stomachs and cloven hooves
        Chicken
        Lamb
        Beef
        Fish (with fins)
        Goat
      - Treyfah (Non-kosher)
        Pork
        Gelatine products
        Rabbit
        Camel
        Eel
        Birds of prey
        Most insects
      - 'Do not boil a kid in it's mother's milk'
    - Women visit mikveh after their period to become pure again
    - 'Do not mix wool and linen.'
    - Beth Din
- Tzedaka
  - Jewish Care
    - H&SC organisation for Jews in South East England
  - Tzedek
    - UK Jewish response to world poverty.
  - 'As his substance increases, so do those who consume it.'
- Kiddushin
  - Marriage
    - Kallah (Bride) and Chatan (Groom) meet under huppah (canopy symbolising home)
      - Kallah circles Chatan seven times (symbolising the creation of the earth)
        Rabbi blesses wine which the couple then drink
        Chatan then says 'Behold, you are consecrated to me by means of this ring, according to the laws of Moses and Israel.'
- Bar Mitzvah
  - Son of the commandment
    - aged 13
  - Bat Mitzvah
    - Daughter of the commandment
      - aged 12
    - In orthodox communities, girls have a Bat Chayil
      - Daughter of valour
        This occasion is not considered as important as the Bar Mitzvah
- Brit Milah
  - Circumcision: physical and lasting sign of being Jewish. Also prevented disease.
    - Performed by mohel while sandek is holding baby
      - 'Every male amoung you, who is eight days old, shall be circumcised as a sign of my covenant.' 'Any male who is not, shall be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.'
Special days and pilgrimage
- Special days
  - Shabbat
    - Day of rest
  - Rosh Hashanah
    - Head of the year
      - Day of shofar sounding
  - Yom Kippur
    - Day of atonement
  - Sukkot
    - Tabernacles
  - Shavuot
    - Feast of weeks
  - Pesach
    - Passover
      - 'Remember this day that you came out of Egypt.'
      - 'Because of this, God acted for me when I came out of Egypt.'
- Pilgrimage
  - Western wall
    - Remains of Jerusalem Temple
  - Yad Vashem
    - Holocaust memorial