Learning

Learning

Classical Conditioning
1. Definition: A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Pavlovian Conditioning)
2. Terminology
  1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
  2. Unconditioned Response (UCR): An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without the previous conditioning.
  3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
  4. Conditioned Response (CR): A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
  5. Trial: Consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
3. Evaluative Conditioning: Refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli
4. Acquisition: Refers to the initial stage of learning something
5. Extinction: The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
6. Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
7. Renewal Effect: If a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place
8. Stimulus Generalization: Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
9. Stimulus Discrimination: Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
10. Higher-Order Conditioning: A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
11. Preparedness: Involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
Definition: Is any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience
Operant Conditioning
1. Definition: is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences (Instrumental Learning)
2. Law Of Effect: If a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
3. Reinforcement: Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
4. Terminology
  1. Operant Chamber (Skinner Box): A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.
  2. Reinforcement Contingencies: The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
  3. Cumulative Recorder: Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time
  4. Primary Reinforcers: Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
  5. Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers: Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
5. Shaping: Consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
6. Resistance to Extinction: Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated
7. Discriminative Stimuli: Cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcment) of a response
8. Schedules of Reinforcement
  1. Determines which occurrences of a specific response results in the presentation of a reinforcer
  2. Continuous Reinforcement: Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.
  3. Intermitted (Partial) Reinforcement: Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
  4. Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule: The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
  5. Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule: The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
  6. Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule: The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
  7. Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule: The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
9. Positive Reinforcement: Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
10. Negative Reinforcement: Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
11. Escape Learning: An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
12. Avoidance Learning: An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
13. Punishment: Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
14. Instinctive Drift: Occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes
Observational Learning
1. Definition: Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
2. Basic Processes:
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Reproduction
  4. Motivation
3. Mirror neurons: Neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another monkey or person perform the same action
4. Behaviour Modification: A systematic approach to changing behaviour through the supplication of the principles of conditioning
5. Antecedents: Events that typically precede the target response

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	Created by Darby Milman over 7 years ago