PHYSICS UNIT 5

PHYSICS UNIT 5

1. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

   • ΔE = mc ΔΘ
   • K = °C + 273
   • ABOSOLUTE 0 = 0K OR -273°C
   • SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
     • THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NEEDED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1KG BY 1K (OR 1°C)
   • PRESSURE AND VOLUME ARE PROPORTIONAL TO TEMPERATURE
     • pV = NkT

2. INTERNAL ENERGY

   • SUM OF KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE PARTICLES WITHIN A SYSTEM
   • AS TEMPERATURE INCREASES
     • AVERAGE PARTICLE SPEED INCREASES
   • COLLISIONS BETWEEN PARTCLES INCREASES
   • 1/2 m(c^2 ) ̅
     • 3/2 kT

3. RADIOACTIVE EMMISSIONS

   • UNSTABLE ATOMS ARE RADIOACTIVE
   • BACKGROUND RADIATION

4. EXPONENTIAL LAW OF DECAY

   • EVERY ISOTOPE DECAYS AT A DIFFERENT RATE
   • A = λN
     • λ = ln2/ T1/2
   • ΔN/Δt = -λN
   • N =N_(0 ) e^(-λt)

5. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

   • AN OCSILLATION IN WHICH ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS DIAPLACEMENT FROM THE MIDPOINT AND IS DIRECTED TOWARDS THE MIDPOINT
   • a= -ω^2 x
     • a = -Aω^2 cos(ωt)
   • v= -Aω sin(ωt)
   • x = A cos(ωt)

6. SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATORS

   • A MASS ON A SPRING IS SHO
   • F = - kx
   • T=2π √(m/k)
   • T=2π √(l/g)

7. GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

   • MASSES IN A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD EXPERIENCE A FORCE OF ATTRACTION
   • F = G m1 m2 / r^2
   • g = F/ m
   • F ∝ 1/ r2

8. MEASURING ASTRONOMICAL DISTANCES

   • 2d = ct
   • PARALLAX
   • L = σAT4
     • L = 4πr^2σT4
   • F=L/(4πd^2 )

9. LUMINOSITY AND THE HERTSZSPRUNG RUSSELL DIAGRAM

   • A BODY THAT ABSORBS ALL WAVELENGTHS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION CAN EMIT ALL WAVELENGTHS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
   • λMAX T = 2.898×10-3 m K
   • LUMINOSITY vs TEMPERATURE

10. THE LIFE CYCLE OF STARS

    • CLOUDS OF DUST
      • NEBULAE
    • PROTOSTAR
    • MAIN SEQUENCE
    • RED GIANT
      • RUN OUT OF FUEL
      • RED SUPERGIANT
        • SUPERNOVA
          • NEUTRON STAR
          • BLACK HOLE
    • WHITE DWARF

11. HUBBLE AND THE BIG BANG

    • DOPPLER EFFECT
    • RED SHIFT
      • z = ∆λ/λ = ∆f/f = v/c
    • v = H0d

12. NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION

    • NUCLEAR RECACTIONS RELEASE BINDING ENERGY
    • E = mc^2
    • BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON IS AT A MAXIMUM AROUND N = 50
    • FISSION MEANS SPLITTING UP INTO SMALLER PARTS
    • FUSION MEANS JOINING NUCLEI TOGETHER
    • NUCLEI NEED LOTS OF ENERGY TO FUSE
    • FUSION HAPPENS IN THE CORE OF STARS

13. EXPONENTIALS AND NATURAL LOGS

    • CHARGE ON A CAPACITOR
    • RADIOACTIVE DECAY
    • ln y = ln k - ax
    • log E = log k + n log x

14. FREE AND FORCED VIBRATIONS

    • FREE VIBRATIONS- NO TRANSFER OF ENERGY TO OR FROM SURROUNDINGS
    • FORCED VIBRATIONS HAPPEN WHEN THERE'S AN EXTERNAL DRIVING FORCE
    • RESONANCE HAPPENS WHEN DRIVING FORCE = NATURAL FREQUENCY
    • DAMPENING HAPPENS WHEN ENERGY IS LOST TO SUUROUNDINGS
    • DIFFERENT AMMOUNTS OF DAMPENING HAVE DIFFERENT EFFECTS
    • DAMPENING AFFECTS RESONANCE
      • CHANGES NATURAL FREQUENCY

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