7340397
Description
Mind Map by Ella Middlemiss, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ella Middlemiss
almost 8 years ago
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Steyvers & Hemmer
(2012): Reconstruction
from memory in
naturalistic environments
- Aim
- To investigate the
interaction between
episodic and prior
knowledge in
naturalistic
environments
- They wanted to see how
prior knowledge was used
to reconstruct memory for
photographs of normal
everyday settings e.g. hotel
- They wanted to see how
prior knowledge was used
to reconstruct memory for
photographs of normal
everyday settings e.g. hotel
- To investigate the
interaction between
episodic and prior
knowledge in
naturalistic
environments
- Procedure
- Ppts recruited
using a random
sample from an
experimental
ppt pool at the
University of
California, Irvine
- Ppts recruited
using a random
sample from an
experimental
ppt pool at the
University of
California, Irvine
- Main Experiment
- Using the same
experimental pool, 49
ppts who didn't do
prior testing were
selected
- 10 stimulus pics from
prior testing were chosen
- 2 from each scene that
had elicited the most
objects named in the
perception test
- From these 2
sets of 5 images,
2 from each
scene were
formed
- Ppts only viewed 1
image of each scene
to avoid carry-over
effects
- Ppts only viewed 1
image of each scene
to avoid carry-over
effects
- From these 2
sets of 5 images,
2 from each
scene were
formed
- 2 from each scene that
had elicited the most
objects named in the
perception test
- Ppts shown the 5 images for
either 2 (prior knowledge) or
10 (episodic) seconds, to
control for exposure duration.
- 4 possible time trial
orderings and ppts
were randomly
allocated to one
- Free recall
in their
own time
- Correct recall of
inconsistent
objects only come
from episodic
memory
- Recall of
objects
missing =
semantic
- Correct recall of
inconsistent
objects only come
from episodic
memory
- Free recall
in their
own time
- 2 seconds =
relies on prior
knowledge
- 10 seconds =
relies on episodic
memory
- 4 possible time trial
orderings and ppts
were randomly
allocated to one
- Using the same
experimental pool, 49
ppts who didn't do
prior testing were
selected
- Findings
- The effect of
prior knowledge
(semantic)
- Compared number of
objects guessed in
expectations test to
those actually recalled
in 2 experimental
conditions (2 and 10
seconds)
- Accuracy of object
guesses based on
the expectation test
was over 55% from
semantic memory
- The actual recall in
both experimental
conditions was over
80%
- In the 2 second
condition, 7 objects
were recalled on
average
- In the 10 second
condition, 9 objects
were recalled on
average
- Suggests episodic memory
played a significant role in recall
- Suggests episodic memory
played a significant role in recall
- In the 2 second
condition, 7 objects
were recalled on
average
- The actual recall in
both experimental
conditions was over
80%
- Accuracy of object
guesses based on
the expectation test
was over 55% from
semantic memory
- Compared number of
objects guessed in
expectations test to
those actually recalled
in 2 experimental
conditions (2 and 10
seconds)
- Incorrect recall of
high frequency
objects was 9%
- Suggests that with
naturalistic/ unmanipulated
scenes, memory is accurate
- In unnatural scenes,
the error rate
increased to 19%
- In unnatural scenes,
the error rate
increased to 19%
- Suggests that with
naturalistic/ unmanipulated
scenes, memory is accurate
- Incorrect recall of
low frequency
objects was 18%
- The effect of
prior knowledge
(semantic)
- Conclusions
- In recall of naturalistic
scenes, prior knowledge
drawn from semantic
memory can contribute to
accurate recall in episodic
memory tasks, when such
scenes are unmanipulated
- We draw on general
knowledge as good
guesses of what is
expected to be seen
- We draw on general
knowledge as good
guesses of what is
expected to be seen
- Prior knowledge
contributes greatly
to the recall of
naturalistic
environments but
not at the expense
of accuracy
- We're more
likely to notice
novel items
- We're more
likely to notice
novel items
- Prior knowledge tends to
be unrepresentative of
everyday event recall;
removing high frequency
objects induces false
memory - makes memory
seem unreliable
- With naturalistic,
unmanipulated context,
guesses can be effective
due to the high frequency
objects present
- This frees up
cognitive resources
to be better spent
focusing on novel
and unexpected
objects in a scene
- Recall of consistent and
inconsistent objects is benefited
using a more ecologically valid
approach
- Recall of consistent and
inconsistent objects is benefited
using a more ecologically valid
approach
- This frees up
cognitive resources
to be better spent
focusing on novel
and unexpected
objects in a scene
- In recall of naturalistic
scenes, prior knowledge
drawn from semantic
memory can contribute to
accurate recall in episodic
memory tasks, when such
scenes are unmanipulated
- Evaluation
- Weaknesses
- culture
bias
- California
- California
- University
students
used
- age bias
- age bias
- Difficult
to apply
- Despite
naturalistic
scenes
- Artificial lab
experiment
- Low
ecological
validity
- Low
ecological
validity
- Artificial lab
experiment
- Demand
characteristics
- Individual
differences
- Prior tasks
- Prior tasks
- Ethics
- lack of
protection
from
psychological
harm
- Embarrasment
- Embarrasment
- lack of
protection
from
psychological
harm
- culture
bias
- Strengths
- No
gender
bias
- Highly controlled,
standardised procedure
(photos easily resused)
- Application: used
to help police
with eyewitness
testimony
- Lab experiment -
good internal
validity
- Different time
conditions for each
ppt removes bias
- order effects
- order effects
- Ethics
- right to
withdraw
- consent/ debrief
- limited harm
- right to
withdraw
- No
gender
bias
- Weaknesses
- Prior Testing
- Part 1
- 22 ppts required to list
objects that they would
expect to find in 5
naturalistic scenes
(office, kitchen, hotel,
urban, dining)
- Important to assess prior
knowledge and what they
would expect to find in
naturalistic scenes
(control group)
- Important to assess prior
knowledge and what they
would expect to find in
naturalistic scenes
(control group)
- Enter their
responses into a
computer for at
least 1 minute
per scene
- 22 ppts required to list
objects that they would
expect to find in 5
naturalistic scenes
(office, kitchen, hotel,
urban, dining)
- Part 2
- A separate group
of 25 ppts shown
25 images of the
5 scenes
- Asked to
name all the
objects they
could see
- A measure of
perception
- A measure of
perception
- A separate group
of 25 ppts shown
25 images of the
5 scenes
- Results
- Objects were placed
into high frequency and
low frequency (most
and least recalled)
- Expectations of high
frequency objects tended
to be iconic objects e.g.TV
in a hotel room
- Objects were placed
into high frequency and
low frequency (most
and least recalled)
- Part 1
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