Internet protocol and network hardware

Internet protocol and network hardware

1. Protocols : Set of rules

   • There is different layers with different type of protocols that allows different types of data to be transfer
     • Layers of protocol
       • Physical
         • modems
       • Data link
         • WiFi, Ethernet
       • Network / Internet
         • Internet protocol (IP)
       • Transport
         • Transmission control protocol (TCP)
         • User datagram protocol (UDP)
       • Applications
         • Secure shell (SSH)
         • telecommunitcation network (telnet)
         • hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
         • File transfer protocol (FTP)

2. Ethernet : a basic set of protocols

   • Use to operate in a local area network (LAN)
     • Ethernet LAN made up of:
       • Devices that transfers and receive data
       • Network device that forward and receive data packets
       • The medium connecting the device

3. TCP/IP

   • TCP: Ensures data is transmitted accurately
     • Ensures that the duplicate data is remove
     • Ensures that all eight packets arrive at the recipient computer
     • Sends another packet if old packet doesn't arrive.
   • IP: make sure that it is deliver into the correct address
     • IP address contains 4 bytes
       • Each byte contains 8 binary digits or bits
         • E.g. 193.156.17.8

4. Handshaking : The procedure of connecting the devices to initiate communications.

   • Then handshaking establishes the protocol to be follow.
     • The rate of transfer of data that will be used
     • The parity check to be employed
       • Parity check: verifying that data has been transmitted accurately.
         • E.g. 1.) 10010101 2.)10110111 3.)00011110
         • Even parity : must be even number of ones in each byte
           • E.g. 0011010, then parity set to 1 to give an even number --> 10011010
     • how interrupts will be carried out.

5. UDP : Basic protocol that is considered to be a connection-less service

   • No handshake require, Data packet is simply sent
   • No congestion control mechanism, enables data fast transfer