7954534
Description
Mind Map by Rozelle Darren Francisco, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Rozelle Darren Francisco
about 7 years ago
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Asthma
- Epidemiology
- 2.4 million
people in
Canada (2014)
- More prevalent in
females (57.45%)
- Major cause of
hospitalization in
children (ages 0-11)
- 2.4 million
people in
Canada (2014)
- Pathophysiology
- Hyperresponsive airways
- Bronchiole
obstruction
- Bronchiole
obstruction
- May be reversible in early stages
- Can become
irreversible
(COPD) with
subsequent
asthma attacks
- Can become
irreversible
(COPD) with
subsequent
asthma attacks
- Main Characteristics
- Bronchospasm
- Edema in bronchiole
mucosa due to
inflammation
- Excess mucus production
- Bronchospasm
- 2 Main Types of Asthma
- Intrinsic
- Type I hypersensitivity to
inhaled allergen/antigen
- Family history of other
allergy (atopic)
- Antigen binds to IgE in
respiratory mucosa
- Usually start in
childhood and
may have a
remission in
adolesence
- Type I hypersensitivity to
inhaled allergen/antigen
- Extrinsic
- Asthma with non-allergen triggers
- Respiratory tract infection
- Exposure to cold temperature
- Exercise
- Stress
- Dehydration
- Aspirin and other drugs
- Respiratory tract infection
- Onset is usually in adulthood
- No IgE involvement, usually
more severe, and often not
responsive to
pharmacological treatment
- Asthma with non-allergen triggers
- Intrinsic
- Hyperresponsive airways
- Clinical Manifestations
- Wheezing
- Cough
- Dyspnea
- Tightness in the chest
- Tachypnea
- Low SpO2
- Diminished Breath Sounds
- Wheezing
- Diagnostic Studies
- Detailed medical history
- Physical examination
- Pulmonary Function Tests
- Peak Flow
Monitoring
- Chest X-ray
- Arterial Blood Gases
- Oximetry
- Allergy Testing
- Blood levels of eosinophils
- Sputum culture and sensitivity
- Detailed medical history
- Nursing Management
- Pharmacological
- Short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists
- Salbutamol
- Terbulatine
- Immediate response for
acute use (4-8 hours)
- Before exercise/other stimuli
- Caution: rebound bronchospam if overused
- Caution: rebound bronchospam if overused
- Before exercise/other stimuli
- Onset of action: minutes
- Salbutamol
- Long-acting β2 agonist bronchodilators
- Salmeterol (Serevent)
- 12 hours duration
- nocturnal and poorly controlled asthma
- combined with inhaled corticosteroid
- combined with inhaled corticosteroid
- nocturnal and poorly controlled asthma
- Salmeterol (Serevent)
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Corticosteroids
(Fluticasone, Budesonide,
Beclomethasone)
- Inhaled form common
- Systemic form for severe asthma
- Systemic form for severe asthma
- Inhaled form common
- Corticosteroids
(Fluticasone, Budesonide,
Beclomethasone)
- Anticholinergic drugs
- Ipratropium
- Causes bronchodilation
- Causes bronchodilation
- Ipratropium
- Short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists
- Patient Teaching
- Proper use of puffer/aerochamber
- Control exposure to triggers
- Seek medical help if...
- Cyanosis (Call 9-1-1)
- Symptoms
unrelieved by
medication
- Severe chest
pain/tightness
- Decrease in level of
consciousness
- Cyanosis (Call 9-1-1)
- Proper use of puffer/aerochamber
- Pharmacological
- Risk Factors
- Modifiable
- Exposure to trigger factors
- Change in temperature
- Pollution
- Pollens
- Mould and spores
- animal fur/dander
- Perfumes/sprays
- Cigarette smoke
- House dust miles
- Exercise and Stress
- Change in temperature
- Being overweight
- Exposure to trigger factors
- Non-Modifiable
- Genetics/Family History of asthma
- Having another allergic
condition (atopic
dermatitis/allergic
rhinitis/hay fever)
- Genetics/Family History of asthma
- Modifiable
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