Chapter 6 : Learning

Chapter 6 : Learning

1. Classical Conditioning

   • Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
   • Classical conditioning was established in 1900 and was also known as Pavlovian Conditioning
   • unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
   • the unconditioned response is an unlearned reaction to unconditioned stimulus
   • conditioned response is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
   • Psychic reflex was eventually named conditioned reflex
   • evaluative conditioning refers to change in the liking of stimulus
   • immunosuppression is a decrease in the production of antibodies
   • acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning
   • extinction is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response

2. Observational Learning

   • Bassic Processes : Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
   • occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of other who are called models
   • in todays society tv has become a influential deterinant of behaviour expecially in children

3. Operant Conditioning

   • operant conditioning is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences
   • operant conditioning is also known as instrumental learning
   • the law of effect believes if a response in the presence of stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the ssociation between the stimulus and the response is steghthenend
   • reinforcement occurs when an even following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response
   • operant chamber or skinner box is a small enclossure which an anmail can make a speciffic response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled
   • reinforcement contingencies are the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
   • the cummulative recorder creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time
   • primary reinforces are events that are inherently reinforcing b/c they satisfy biological needs
   • resistance to extention occurs when organism contiunes to make a response after delivery of the reinforcers has been terinated

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