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C2.2 Structure and Properties
- Giant Ionic Structures
- Ions arranged in a
lattice, with strong
electrostatic forces
- High melting/boiling
points as more energy
needed to break
bonds
- Solid ionic
compound can not
conduct electricity as
they are in fixed
position. Liquid, ions
can move so conduct
- Many dissolve in
water. Lattice split by
water molecules. Ions
are free to move, form
a solution, conduct
- Ions arranged in a
lattice, with strong
electrostatic forces
- Simple Molecules
- Covalent bonds
have low melting
points
- Intermolecular forces
- Covalent
have
weak
forces but
strong
bonds
- Atoms in molecule
are tight together
- Energy between
molecules is weak
- Atoms in molecule
are tight together
- Covalent
have
weak
forces but
strong
bonds
- No overall charge so
no chance of
conducting electricity
- Covalent bonds
have low melting
points
- Giant Covalent structures
- AKA Macromolecules
- Diamond, graphite
and silicon dioxide
- Held by strong
convalent bonds
- Hard, high
melting points,
- Graphite
has layers
- Bonding in graphite
- Carbon arranged
in hexagons
- Has delocalised electrons
- can conduct
- can conduct
- Carbon arranged
in hexagons
- Fullerenes
- Ball/cage shape
- Can place things inside the cage
- medicine?
- medicine?
- Ball/cage shape
- AKA Macromolecules
- Giant Metallic Structures
- closely packed layers
- Alloys are mixtures of
metals, they are
harder as the layers
can not slide as easily
- Explaining the properties
- positive ions are held
together by a glue of
delocalised electrons
- these
electrons can
move so
allow a lattice
to distort
- positive ions are held
together by a glue of
delocalised electrons
- Shape Memory Alloys
- When heated
return to their
original state
- braces and
bone broken
things
- When heated
return to their
original state
- closely packed layers
- Properties of Polymers
- Different Monomers
- monomers
affect the
properties of
the polymer
- monomers
affect the
properties of
the polymer
- Different reaction conditions
- High pressures
and a trace of
oxygen, ethene
makes low
density
polyethene
- Polymer chains are Banches
- Polymer chains are Banches
- Catalyst at
50°C and slight
pressure
makes High
Density
Polyethene
- Chains are closer
- Chains are closer
- High pressures
and a trace of
oxygen, ethene
makes low
density
polyethene
- Thermosoftening and
thermosetting polymers
- Thermosoftening
melt and untangle
their chains
- Thermosetting
do not melt as
they have
cross links
- Thermosoftening
melt and untangle
their chains
- Bonding
- Thermosoftening
is weak
- Thermosoftening
is weak
- Different Monomers
- Nanoscience
- Science of the smallest of things
- nanoparticles
behave differently
from the materials
they are made from
- New developements
are always good but
more research into
problems are needed
- Science of the smallest of things
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