Item 1 analysis complete

Item 1 analysis complete

1. 1) main patterns

   • The migration routes selected routes are unevenly distributed throughout Africa. the south of sub Saharan Africa, Most of the settlements along the south coast travel north through Niger from there many travel through Libya to then travel to Tripoli to get to Malta. Other routes also
     • • Most travel from south to north then converge in niger .
     • • Most migrants are crossing the Sahara desert to reach the Mediterranean coast line.
     • • Also a flow ffrom the centre to the west atlantic coastline and then up the coast to the canary islands

2. 2) why migrant flows are 2 way

   • 2) Why do you think many migrant flows are two way I think this is so migrants can avoid detection from the authorities. As the government are trying to stop people getting smuggled across to Europe more focus will be directed towards the main and direct routes. By going two way, they are more likely to avoid detection. Another reason could be to avoid conflict. Some routes travel to Libya from Niger to avoid conflict in Algeria.
     • Some people have to be sent back from where they come from (run out of money) $200-$300
     • • Hear bad stories about what awaits them that they return home
     • • Not everyone who arrives in Niger chooses to cross the Sahara to get to the Mediterranean- some travel to the west coastline.

3. 3) why do many migrants make for Ceuta and Melila

   • This Is likely as these countries are closer to Spain than countries on the coast of Libya is to the island of Malta. Although the journey over land is longer, the journey over sea is much more dangerous with a low survival rate. Migrants are likely to choose the safer route over the more dangerous one.
     • •Both cities are Spanish cities. This means they automatically get transported to Spain. (except morocco due to conflict)
     • Once you reach Europe, it is easy to vanish.

4. 4) Why many migrants converge in Niger

   • Most routes converge to Niger as it acts as a central hub through the more popular route leading to malta. Niger (specifically the city of agadez, has become a central hub for the smuggling industry.)
     • One of the last stopping points across the sahara desert
     • Central location
     • Businesses set up the area. (run by a tribe called the toubou.
     • Well established bus routes.

5. 5) where migrants from Libya head to. why they may prefer the island of Lempedusa rather than Malta

   • This is likely because Malta is already a popular route. Authorities in Europe will focus more attention on more popular routes, the island of lempedusa is less popular meaning it will be easier to cross the border. The island of lempedusa is also closer meaning the journey will be less dangerous.
     • • Shorter boat ride
     • • Owned by Italy, if they reach that country they will be shipped to Italy and will get direct access to Italy where they can be screened

6. 6) Why Libya's border is so Porous

   • I think this is because Libya’s border is so porus as it is on the Libyan desert. As it is so big and hard to manage with little funding, it makes it harder to manage.
     • • Very long border easy to monitor.
     • • Run by Abdul Quaid given money to monitor border however has not distributed money there.
     • • In dessert biome. Too hot and hard to monitor constantly

7. 7) In what ways migration has come to be a business for many living in Africa

   • Many jobs and opportunities to earn money have developed from the migration movement. For those who are traveling across the border, people sell items such as water and Clothing to make the journey easier. for those transporting the migrants, they are paid for their services. Migrants pay around $1000 to be transported. Those who can’t afford it can be sent to earn the money in factories earning back their costs. Those who organise travel along the coast are paid large amounts up to $20,000 a week.
     • • $1million dollars from smuggling migrants across the desert. They are also asked to smuggle drugs.
     • • In Agadez the Niger, the Toubou tribe provide passage for migrants into Libya for around £200 or by carrying drugs. Fee 776 per person
     • • Similarly in Gao in Mali and Tamanrasset in Algeria have people smugglers often tribesmen who are keen toearn money by providing a passage for tourists. There is also bus routes

8. 8) What solutions could offered for some of the push factors previously discussed

   • Aid could be given to help agriculture. Other countries could use mediators to help solve conflicts. These were the main 2 push factors that influenced migration. If these were to be addressed, they would improve the development of the country.
     • • Over farming from large population. This can be solved with family planning e.g contraception. This is similar to a Malthusian theory
     • • Introduce GM crops (drought resistant ) The drought tolerant maize for Africa Seed scaling (DTMASS) project started in 2014.
     • • To solve conflict, UN intervention, less crop failure might also avoid some of the conflicts in the area. Overcoming tribal differences.

9. Africans Risk Lives to get to the Europe (traveling to Malta, Lempedusa and Spain. Migrants pay more than 1000 euros to travel over rickety boats to malta and other islands