Undergraduate degree Psychology (The psychology of addictive behaviour) Mind Map on Factors affecting addictive behaviour, created by Brendan Williams on 05/25/2014.
Stress - self medication model, used because of perceived
stress relief response - coping with daily hassles
NIDA - stressors lead initiation,
maintenance & relapse even
after long periods of abstinence
Suffers of PTSD more vulnerable due to
extreme stress i.e parental loss/child abuse
Driessen et al - 30% drug addicts & 15% alcoholics suffer PTSD
Kook et al - stress reponse is an anti-reward system.
Substance abuse leads to dopamine release.
Cortico-trophic releasing factor (CRF) secreted by pituitary
gland - maintains homeostasis, decreasing dopamine
Constant CRF release turns homeostasis
to allostasis, increasing hedonic set point,
dopamine doesn't give pleasure
Leads to anhedonia - no pleasure from normal activities
Periods between smoking
stressful. Desire for another
can cause mental strain
Cloniger - two types of alcoholics type 1 - to reduce
anxiety, type 2 - to reduce boredom (more risk takers).
Stress a vulnerability to type 1, not all
Peers - peer pressure may explain
initiation of addictive behaviour
SLT - observing & imitating others
initiates behaviour. Own experiences
will determine if behaviour continues
Duncan et al - exposure to peer
models increases likelihood of smoking
Eiser et al - social status &
popularity important rewards
SIT - group members adopt behaviours of
the group. If smoking a key behaviour - its
more likely to be picked up
Sussman & Ames - peer drug
use best predictor of future use
Age
Brown et al - peer pressure on
drug use & smoking decreases in
later adolescence, close friends &
romantic partners more important
Prefrontal cortex not developed till
20's - involved in weighing up risks
Diamond - if you're not a smoker
by 21 you're unlikely to ever be
Shram - adolescence more
sensitive to nicotine & less likely
to suffer consequences
Majority of research only
into young people, not
representative sample
Swiss health survey - 46%
men > 75 drank daily, only
6% 25-34 drank daily
Research in socially sensitive topic
creates ethical issues. Threat of
sanction from incriminating evidence may
prevent some people coming forward.
Pros & cons - further discrimination
Personality - addictive
personality explains why not
everyone becomes addicted
Eysenck - 3 personality types that
may make you more vulnerable
Extraversion - sociable, lively, optimistic,
seeks stimulation for brain arousal
Gosspo & Eysenck - assessed 200
London polydrug users. Significant
correlation between P, N & addiction
Belin et al - sensation seeking rats took
higher doses of cocaine than impulsive
rats, but impulsive rats became addicted
Some personality traits common
in addicts, does not mean it
causes addictive behaviour
Teeson et al - difficult to disentangle
effects of personality & addiction -
showing causality
Weintraub et al - Parkinson's individuals treated with dopamine.
x3.5 increase in impulse-control disorders including gambling &
sex addiction - dopamine leads to impulsivity causing addiction
Buckholtz et al - more hypersensitive
dopamine response - heightened
response to anticipated reward
Media influences
Film representation
Sulkunen - 61 scenes from 47 films for addictive behaviour. Enjoyment
of drugs contrasted to dullness of reality. Drug competence shown as
fixing issues. Human Traffic - extacy used to deal with relationship issues
Waylen et al - 360 top box office films from
2001-2005. Teens watching films where actors
smoked, more likely to start smoking even after
controlling factors significant correlation was found
Gunasekera 85 most popular films in the last 20
years drug use in films 8% cannabis, 32% alcohol,
68% tobacco, 1/53 sex scenes had condom
reference, 1/4 films free of negative effects of
substances
Byrne - films educates addicts & the general
population on addiction by creating stereotypes
Ideas about ECT from one flew over the cuckoo's nest, not royal college of psychiatrist literature
Sargent et al - 11-15 year olds who
started smoking a year after initial
questionnaire found films played a
significant predictor
Boyd - addicts usually
represented negatively, dirty
bodies, sexual degradation,
violence, crime & loss of morals
US guidelines developed for script writers on drug use.
Should be shown as unhealthy & harmful. Addiction is
a disease. No reference to drug use being recreational
Media changing addictive behaviour
TV & internet being used to promote
healthy lifestyle. pablo the drug mule dog -
satirical series of advert
Bennett et al - BBC programme psst... the
really useful guide to alcohol improved
knowledge but no affect on behaviour
Kramer et al - drinking less? do it yourself!
found to improve an intervention group more
successful than control in low risk problem
drinking. Maintained at 3 month follow-up
Weekly visits to intervention
group may have produces
positive outcome
Control group knew they'd
be treated soon, prolonged
behaviour till then
Brian Wilson (the Beach Boys) used drugs
for creative influence. Became addicted
and no longer part of creative process and
used as a form of self medication for
pressures of touring & writing. Competitive
environment drives individuals to drug use
Most data is correlational -
does not show causality
Hornik et al - $1 billion US anti-drug
campaign failed & had negative
effect. Message not novel - implicit
messages drug use is common
Johnston et al - teens who watched the adverts took from it their peers were using weed - more likely to try themselves