ILO's

Page 1

•Define neoplasia

•Discuss the possible causes and the mechanisms of neoplastic change

•Describe the morphological and functional changes which occur in neoplastic cells

•Outline the sources of DNA damage

•Discuss the types of DNA lesions that can be induced and the consequence to the cell

•Discuss the DNA repair pathways

Describe the major events of the cell cycle

Discuss the role of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases in cell cycle progression

Detail how cancer cells overcome the cell cycle controls (Hallmarks 1 & 2)

•Describe the apoptotic cell death pathways

•Describe how cell death pathways are evaded in cancer

•Outline the methods used to detect apoptosis

•Summarise the differences between necrotic and apoptotic cell death

recognise the factors determining the cellular response to stress/injury

describe the main patterns of cellular adaptive changes

recognise the mechanisms and pattern of intracellular lipid accumulation

recognise and list the causes of cell injury

identify the stages of cell injury

describe the mechanisms of cell injury

describe the morphological features of cell death

list key initiators/mediators/effectors of cell death

1.Describe why cancer is associated with chronic inflammation

2.Outline the role of inflammation in tissue

homeostasis and repair and how these

processes can contribute to tumorigenesis

}Define Shock

}Explain the causes of shock

}Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of shock

Page 2

•Explain the neuro-endocrine response to decreased cardiac output

•Explain cardiac hypertrophy

•Explain formation of oedema fluid

•Exlain the haemodynamic response to abnormal systolic function

•Explain the haemodynamic response to abnormal diastolic function

•Explain cardiogenic shock

•Describe the structure and function of telomeres

•Review how telomeres trigger replicative senescence

•Describe how cancer cells overcome senescence (Hallmark 4)

•Outline the senescence phenotype and its importance as a tumour suppressor mechanism

•Review the process by which stress induced premature senescence occurs

•Outline how senescence can contribute to age related pathology and tumorigenesis (SASP)

Outline the principle functions of Autophagy

Discuss the main pathways involved in autophagy

•efine regeneration and healing with scar formation

•Outline the differences between embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells and progenitor cells

•Define and give examples of labile, stable and permanent tissues and their cellular responses to injury

•Describe the circumstances under which tissue repair occurs by scar tissue formation (including tissue type), and the sequence of events•

•Describe the gross and histological appearance of granulation tissue and scar tissue

•Describe the steps involved in the metastatic cascade

•Outline the changes in cell adhesion that are required for invasion

•Outline the role proteases play in extracellular matrix degradation that contributes to invasion/metastasis of tumour cell

•Review the mechanisms of cell motility in invasion/metastasis

•Outline how angiogenesis contributes to tumour growth

•Summarise the differences between tumour and normal tissue vasculature

Page 3

1.Explain the different types of GM models and methods of generating GM animals

2.Outline how the different approaches to the regulation of gene expression in GM animals

1.Describe range of uses of GM animals in bioscience research

2.Demonstrate how models are used in cancer research

3.Describe the regulatory and ethical framework for animal experimentation in the UK

•Describe the mechanisms (cellular adaptations) by which cancer cells metabolise glucose

•Summarise the mechanisms by which cancers evade immune recognition

•Outline why the concept of ‘hallmarks of cancer’ is subject to criticism

•Know how tumour staging and grading are used to select appropriate treatment options for cancer patients with local or systemic disease

•Explain the principles of oncological surgery and radiotherapy for veterinary patients and know when to use them

•Explain the principles of immunotherapy for veterinary patients and give examples of its use

•Explain the principles of cytotoxic chemotherapy for veterinary patients and know how to apply them clinically to tumours of varying chemosensitivity.

•Know the main cytotoxic drug categories and commonly used veterinary drugs, their mechanisms of action and common side-effects

•Know the different ways in which drug resistance occurs and how this impacts on chemotherapy treatment.

•Describe the basic principles of next generation sequencing

•Describe the difference between complete transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), whole genome sequencing and exome sequencing

•Discuss how NGS techniques could be used to differentiate canine lymphoma subtypes

•Discuss the potential impact of NGS on the clinical management of canine lymphoma

Page 4

•List the pathways that are activated in response to the production of an aberrant protein.

•With reference to Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease/spastic paraplegia type 2 (PMD/SPG2), describe the strategies employed to identify aberrant protein processing pathways

•Describe the main methods used to investigate protein expression and dynamics

•List the pathways that are activated in response to the production of an aberrant protein.

•With reference to Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease/spastic paraplegia type 2 (PMD/SPG2), describe the strategies employed to identify aberrant protein processing pathways

•Describe the main methods used to investigate protein expression and dynamics

•Define the term ‘Biomarker’

•List possible sources of biomarkers

•Describe the techniques used to identify biomarkers of canine degenerative myelopathy

•Describe the similarities between DM and ALS

•Describe how the impact of a genetic mutation of SOD1 gene can influence the protein

•Describe the lifecycle of papillomaviruses

•Discuss the mechanisms by which papillomaviruses induce cancer

•Outline the mechanisms by which papillomaviruses evade immune recognition

Describe the structure and replication of a simple retrovirus

Explain the origin and significance of endogenous retroviruses

List and give details of four basic mechanisms by which exogenous retroviruses can cause cancer

Discuss recent findings implicating endogenous retroviruses and retrotransposons in human cancer

List the benefits and risks of retroviral vectors in gene therapy and cancer treatment

Explain the roles of innate and adaptive immunity to retroviruses and the prospects for control of retroviral infection

•List and detail the DNA virus families with an established role in cancer

•Describe the role of DNA tumour viruses in the discovery of tumour suppressor genes

•Give examples of direct and indirect mechanisms of oncogenesis by DNA tumour viruses

•Describe the development and uses of vaccines against DNA tumour viruses

•Explain the basis of oncolytic virus therapy for human cancer