Unit 4 - Key Words - created from Mind Map

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Populations

Abiotic Factors

Ecology

Biotic Factors

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Population

Community

Habitat

Niche

Predator

Selection pressure

Non-living components of the environment

The study of the inter-relationships between organisms and their environment.

Living components of the environment.

Life-supporting layer of land, air and water that surrounds the Earth.

A self-contained functional unit made up of all the interacting biotic and abiotic factors in a specific area.

A group of interbreeding organisms of one species in a habitat.

All the populations of organisms of different species in a particular area at the same time.

The place where a community of organisms lives.

All the resources and conditions required for an organism to survive, reproduce and maintain a viable population.

An organism that feeds on another organism.

The environmental force altering the frequency of alleles in a population.

ATP

Photophosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Hydrolysis

Condensation Reaction

The production of ATP from ADP using light energy as a means of executing the reaction.

A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A type of metabolism that results in the formation and creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule such as H2O as a by-product.

Photosynthesis

Thylakoid

Granum

Stroma

LIR

Reduction

Oxidation

Electron Carrier

Limiting factor

Law of limiting factors

Light compensation point

LDR

Disc like organelles. Where LDR takes place. Contains Chlorophyll.

Stack of thylakoids.

Fluid-filled matrix where the LIR takes place.

Protons (H+ ions) reduce CO2 to produce sugars and other organic molecules.

Gain of electrons

Loss of electrons

A chain of carrier molecules along which electrons pass, releasing energy in the form of ATP as they do so.

A factor that limits the rate at which the process can take place.

At any given moment, the rate of a physiological process is limited by the factor that is at its least favourable value.

At this point there will be no net exchange of gases into or out of the plant.

Light energy is converted into chemical energy. During the process an electron flow us created by the effect of light on chlorophyll and this causes water to split (photolysis) into protons, electrons and oxygen. The products are reduced NADP, ATP and oxygen.

Energy and Ecosystems

Pest

Gross production

Efficiency of energy transfer

Net production

Productivity

Decomposers

Selective breeding

Pesticide

Intensive rearing of livestock

Biomass

Pyramids of

Consumers

Producers

Monoculture

Biological control

Species diversity

An organism growing or living where humans do not want it. One that competes with humans for food or space or could be a danger to our health.

Total quantity of energy that plants convert to organic matter.

(Energy available after transfer / Energy available before transfer) x100

Gross production – respiratory losses

The rate at which something is produced. (chemical energy in plant case.)

Organisms that obtain their energy from dead producers and consumers, by breaking down complex materials into an absorbable form of minerals and elements. Fungi and bacteria.

Breeding of animals to produce varieties that are more efficient at converting the food they eat into body mass.

Poisonous chemicals that kill pests.

Designed to produce the maximum yield of meat, eggs and milk at the lowest possible cost.

Total mass of the plants and/or animals in a particular place.

Energy

Biomass

Number

The energy stored within the organisms at each trophic level in a food chain.

Biomass of organisms at each trophic level.

Numbers of the individuals in each trophic level.

Organisms that obtain their energy by feeding on other organisms rather than using the light energy directly.

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Eat producers

Eat primary consumers

Eat secondary consumers

Organisms that manufacture organic substances using light energy, water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

A large area of land in which only one type of crop is grown.

Controlling pests by using organisms that act as either a parasite or predator of the pest organism. The aim is to control the pest, not to eradicate it.

Number of different species and individuals within a community.

Inheritance and selection

Phenotype

Genotype

Gene

Allele

Homozygous

Heterozygous

Dominant

Recessive

Co-dominant

Gene pool

Allele Frequency

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Selection

Geographical isolation

Speciation

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

The genetic composition of an organism.

A section of DNA, a sequence of nucleotide bases coding for a protein

Different versions of the same gene

when two copies of the same allele are present

when two different alleles are present.

Only one copy of the allele is needed for it to be expressed in the phenotype

Two copies of the allele is needed for it to be expressed in the phenotype

Two alleles that both contribute to the phenotype.

All the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in a population at any one time.

This is a measurement that determines how frequent the allele expression of a particular gene arises in a population.

p + q = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Directional

Stabilising

Selection may favour individuals that vary in one direction from the mean of the population. It changes the characteristics of the population.

Selection may favour average individuals. It preserves the characteristics of a population.

Occurs when a physical barrier prevents two populations from breeding with one another.

The evolution of a new species from existing species.

Ecological Succession

Pioneer species

Deciduous oak woodland

Biodiversity

Climax community

The first species to colonise an inhospitable environment.

The ultimate stable community in the UK.

The range and variety of living organisms within a particular area.

The organisms that make up the final stage of ecological succession

Unit 4 - Key Words