Bio Exam review

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So you have a second shot at your Biology outcomes. Great! This means that you can show how much better and deeper you understand the material from when you were last assessed in December. I appreciate that this was a really long time ago so first a review. The good news: we are only looking at two outcomes!

Curricular Competencies: Biology

BIO D

Structure of the Human Immune System

B.4

Summarize the steps of the immune response to a pathogen in the body and create an analogy that describes the response pathway

BIO E

Pandemics & Disease Control

B.5

Demonstrate an understanding of the role of antibiotics, vaccinations, and research in controlling the spread of infectious pathogens and disease

Core Content: Biology (what should I be able to answer?)

BIO D

Structure of the Human Immune System

B.4

Summarize the steps of the immune response to a pathogen in the body and create an analogy that describes the response pathway

What do we need to do to stay healthy?

What are ways we can get sick?

What are our primary defences?

How do our primary defences work?

How does the inflammatory pathway work?

Why is histamine both useful and important?

Which are the white blood cells found in the second line of defence?

What is our secondary/innate immune system?

How do we get an innate immune system?

How specific is our immune system? How fast does it work?

What are the key components of our innate immune system?

What is our tertiary/acquired immune system?

How do we get an acquired immune system?

How specific is our acquired immune system? How fast does it work?

How do B cells work?

How do T cells work?

How do antibodies work?

How does our body keep us from getting sick with the same pathogen again?

Name the four types of vaccines you have studied.

What are some of the advantages of each type of vaccine

BIO E

Pandemics & Disease Control

B.5

Demonstrate an understanding on the role of antibiotics, vaccinations, and research in controlling the spread of infectious pathogens and disease

What is an antibiotic?

What do antibiotics affect?

How do antibiotics work?

How do pathogens become resistant to bacteria? Why is this a problem?

What is a vaccine?

What does a vaccine (generally) target?

How do vaccines work?

How are vaccines and antibiotics similar?

How are vaccines and antibiotics different?

What is a pandemic? What is an epidemic?

How can diseases be contained/not spread?

What is herd immunity? Why is it important?

BIO D

Structure of the Human Immune System

B.4

Summarize the steps of the immune response to a pathogen in the body and create an analogy that describes the response pathway

1. Organisms, such as some bacteria, and substances, such as viruses, that cause disease are called Pathogens.

2. Infectious diseases can be passed to other people.

3. The Immune system is the body’s defence system.

4. The immune system’s First line of defence against infectious diseases includes the skin.

5. The immune system’s second line of defence includes two types of immune response.

6. White blood cells are carried in the blood to fight infections in the body.

7. All living things are born with a(n) adaptive immune response.

8. Non-living substances that are foreign to the body and trigger an immune response are called Pathogens.

9. In the first process of an acquired immune response, B cells make substances called

lymphocytes that bind to antigens.

10. All acquired immune responses help give you certain types of white blood cells it also includes chemicals and proteins in the blood.

Read up on How the Immune System Responds to Pathogens

Complete the following concept map.

What is a pathogen?

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease.

If bacteria get into the stomach of a human, what first line of defence of the immune system will potentially stop the bacteria?

Stomach acid kills bacteria and parasites that have been swallowed. Your urine flow flushes out pathogens from the bladder area. Skin, tears and mucus are part of the first line of defence in fighting infection. They help to protect us against invading pathogens

What are the characteristics of an innate immune response?

Some characteristics of the innate immune system are natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.

Why is the presence of phagocytes an indication of an infection by a pathogen?

What type of blood cells are involved in an acquired immune response?

White blood cells are involved in the acquired immune response.

Arrange the following statements in the correct order to describe the acquired immune response of the immune system to a pathogen.

(a) Antibodies destroy pathogens. (C)

(b) B cells mobilize to produce antibodies. (B)

(c) Some immunity remains for future use. (D)

(d) The pathogen is recognized. (A)

What are the four steps that describe an immune system response to a pathogen?

a) The pathogen is recognized.

b) B cells mobilizeto prodouce antibodies.

c) Antibodies destroy the pathogens

d) Some immunity remains for future use.

What are the differences in function between a B cell and a memory B cell?

B Cells attack pathogens. B memory cells remember the pathogen for later.

If a helper T cell recognizes an antigen, what happens next?

It produces antibodies to attack the pathogen.

How is the function of a killer T cell different from that of a helper T cell?

Helper T cells do not directly kill infected cells, as cytotoxic T cells do. Instead, they help activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to attack infected cells, or they stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies.

What is an allergen?

A substance that causes an allergic reaction.

Why do people with allergies take antihistamines?

It is like a blocker

Describe one method of treating a person with anaphylactic shock.

One method of treating a person with an anaphylactic shock it to give them an epi pen.

What part of the immune system does HIV attack? Why does this damage the immune system?

HIV attacks a specific type of immune system cell in the body. It's known as the CD4 helper cell or T cell. When HIV destroys this cell, it becomes harder for the body to fight off other infections. ... Not only does HIV attack CD4 cells, but it also uses the cells to make more of the virus.

Describe three activities you can do to take care of your immune system.

Eat healthily, exercise and sleep well.

Owen has a sore throat. The doctor prescribes an antibiotic. After taking this antibiotic for a day, Owen breaks out in a rash. What is happening to him?

Owen is having an allergic reaction to the prescription.

BIO E

Pandemics & Disease Control

B.5

Demonstrate an understanding on the role of antibiotics, vaccinations, and research in controlling the spread of infectious pathogens and disease

What is an antibiotic?

An antibiotic is a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.

What do antibiotics affect?

Antibiotics work by affecting things that bacterial cells have but human cells don't. For example, human cells do not have cell walls, while many types of bacteria do. The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall.

How do antibiotics work?

Antibiotics work by affecting things that bacterial cells have but human cells don't. For example, human cells do not have cell walls, while many types of bacteria do. The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall. ... Some antibiotics dissolve the membrane of just bacterial cells.

How do pathogens become resistant to bacteria? Why is this a problem?

The problems associated with antimicrobial resistance are not limited to bacteria. The issue has become critical in the treatment of infection due to viruses, fungi, and parasites as well. ... People infected or colonized with drug-resistant pathogens can then transmit these organisms.

What is a vaccine?

A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease.

What does a vaccine (generally) target?

A vaccine targets viruses

How do vaccines work?

Vaccines are like a training course for the immune system. They prepare the body to fight disease without exposing it to disease symptoms. When foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses enter the body, immune cells called lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies, which are protein molecules.

How are vaccines and antibiotics similar?

They both make you healthier

How are vaccines and antibiotics different?

Antibiotics and vaccines are in some ways opposites. Antibiotics kill indiscriminately, whereas vaccines are highly targeted. Antibiotics are used to treat severe infection, whereas vaccines prevent infections from ever becoming established.

What is a pandemic? What is an epidemic?

Pandemic - (of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.

Epidemic - a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

How can diseases be contained/not spread?

Diseases where person-to-person spread occurs rarely, if ever. Some infectious diseases are almost never spread by contact with an infected person. These diseases are usually spread by contact with an environmental source such as animals, insects, water or soil.

What is herd immunity? Why is it important?

In theory, herd immunity means not everyone in a community needs to be immune to prevent the spread of disease. If a high enough proportion of individuals in a population are immune, the majority will protect the few susceptible people because the pathogen is less likely to find a susceptible person.