Scientific Theory - created from Mind Map

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pattern component

process component

Evolution by natural selection

internal consistency

Peer Review

about facts

what produces the pattern comp

Darwin described evolution as descent with moodification

Pattern component of theory of evolution

Evidence

Darwin’s Four Postulates

Darwin & Wallace

Darwins observations

Important: Indvdls dnt evolve. natural selection works on heritable traits, evolution = no goal

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection CD 1859

Species change through time

Species related to common ancestry

Vast geological time

Extinction changes the species present over time

Transitional Features Link Older and Younger Species

Vestigial Traits Are Evidence of Change through Time

Species Can Be Observed Changing Today

Similar Species Are Found in the Same Geographic Area

Related Species Share Homologies

Formation of New Species from Preexisting Species Can Be Observed Today

radioactive decay

fossil

Sedimentary rocks

fossil evidence of extinct species

lungfish and tetrapods have fin and limb bones that are transitional features

human coccyx

Evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Galápagos Finches

Homology

Genetic

Developmental

Structural

Similarity in DNA nucleotide sequences, RNA nucleotide sequences, or amino acid sequences

– Similarity in developmental structures or processes

▪ Early chick, human, and cat embryos have tails and structures called pharyngeal pouches

Similarity in adult morphology

most vertebrates have a common structural plan in the limb bones

speciation

Variation exists among individual organisms that make up a population

Some of the trait differences are heritable

Survival and reproductive success are highly variable.

The subset of individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring is not a random sample of the population

Evolution by natural selection occurs when (1) heritable variation leads to (2) differential reproductive success.

no linear progressive pattern

vacation amount indvdls in pop

Indvdls w/ certain traits produce more offspring than others without these traits

Overproduction More individuals are born than can be supported by the environment.

Limited resources The amount of resources (such as food, water, shelter, sunlight) stays relatively constant

Variation Darwin also observed that no two individuals are alik

Competion from overproduction & limited resources

is the observation that data from independent sources agree in supporting predictions made by a theory.

Evidence for the evolution of cetaceans—whales and dolphin. whales have a lot in common with terrestrial mammals

phylogeny of fossil cetaceans is consistent with data from relative dating, absolute dating, and phylogenies estimated from molecular traits in living species—all agree that whales evolved from terrestrial ancestors that also gave rise to hippos.

Outside authorities verify the validity of scientific results