Memory Study Guide

Memory Study Guide

What is memory? (define it)the retention ( fact of keeping) information or experience over time

Distinguish between memory encoding and memory storage. Encoding (input) info gets into our memory Storage- how information is kept and how information is represented in memory

Why is attention important to memory?Attention is how we encode, store and retrieve our memories. If we don't have a full undivided attention on something, then whatever it is not stored into our memories which fails the memory process.

Does divided attention or sustained attention better support memory (retention)? Why? Divided attention - it does not better support memory retention because we concentrate on more than one activity at the same time which can be only be stored as short-term memory, not fully developing a memory retention for a prolong period. Sustained attention- IS better to support memory retention because it allows us to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolong period. It can help with long-term memory.

What do "Levels of processing," "Elaboration," and "Imagery" have to do with the ease with which we remember something? Be able to explain.Levels of processing helps by forming a deeper process to help better memory. The levels of processing start with shallow to intermediate to deep. Example could be a waiter remembering a customer's face and to imagine the customer eating the food they ordered is deep processing. Elaboration helps by creating a number of different connection around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding. It is like creating a spider web of links between new information and everything one already knows. The more elaborate the processing, the better memory will be. Deep elaborate processing is more powerful to remember Imagery also helps by creating a mental image of the things we want to remember in a more lasting portrait.

Describe the Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory of memory storage including what type of information and for how long is held in each memory system.Theory is that memory storage involves three separate systems Sensory memory- holds information from the world in its original sensory form. time frame is of a fraction of a second to several seconds Short-term memory- any type of information. time frame is 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed. Long-term memory- any type of information. time frame is lifetime.

Of what value are "chunking," "rehearsal," and creating a visual story to retaining information?Two of these associate with short-term memory. Chunking bit of information using the 7 +/- 2, making large amounts of information more manageable single units. Rehearsal also helps short-term by conscious repition of information. Without rehearsal, we cannot remember what we're suppose to. Creating a visual story helps store information into long-term memory. We add a deeper meaning to it therefore making it powerful to be remembered later in life.

In Explicit Memory system, what is the difference between "Episodic," and "Semantic Memory"? Episodic - the information of our lives. When, where, what happened in our lives Semantic - the information about the world. One's expertise. Reading, writing, etc

What is implicit Memory?It is previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

What are memory "Schemas" and "Scripts"?Schemas - a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize & interpret info.Scripts - schema for events

What do we mean by Memory Retrieval and how do the Serial Position Effect, Primacy and Recency tend to impact retrieval? Memory Retrieval is process of accessing stored memories. Serial Position effect is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and of a list more than the middle. The tendency to recall the beginning is Primacy. The tendency to recall the end is Recency. This impacts memory retrieval by not being able to retain of what is in the middle of our list.

How does recall differ from recognition? Recall is the ability to retrieve previously learned question. Example: Essay questions Recognition is to only ID. Example: Multiple Choice

Autobiographical memories - episodic memories of own life events Reminiscence bump - tendency to remember the 2nd and 3rd decade of own life Flashbulb memory- memory of emotion significant events

Explain forgetting (including encoding failure and retrieval failure), the Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon and Amnesia.Forgetting is losing information that we have been accessed to. There are said to be two dependents that link to forgetting, encoding failure and retrieval failure. Encoding failure is when the information was never entered into long-term memory. Retrieval failure is when information is in long-term memory but it cannot be accessed to.The tip of the tongue phenomenon is when we are confident that we know something but cannot pull it out of memory. We can retrieve some desire information but not all of it. This phenomenon demonstrate that we do not store all of the information about a topic or experience in one way.Amnesia is loss of memory. There are two types of amnesia, Anterograde and Retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events. Retrograde amnesia is memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events.

What study tips does psychology provide to help improve our memory of academic material?Study tips are to link new information to yourself. Organize material to be remembered. Encode thoroughly; pay attention, make associations, encode early and often. Also rehearse by rewriting notes, talking to friends, testing yourself, and take a break, eat good foods do not take drugs. Lastly use retrieval cues, such as sitting in the same seat where you learned the material

How might you protect yourself from mental decline? You can protect yourself from mental decline by getting an education, remaining engaged in complex task, and reviewing information you need to know everyday.