PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

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Communication comes from the Latin word communico which means “I share”. It is defined as a complex process often involving reading, writing, speaking, and listening (Bouing, 2006). The communication process refers to a series of actions or steps taken in order to successfully communicate. It involves context, participants (sender and receiver), messages, channels, noise and feedback.

Sender is the one who initiate the communication process and has the full authority to explain the meaning of the information created (Bouing 2006).

Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication

Message is the most important part of communication process. Without this element, no communication takes place (Bouing 2006). It is the encoded and decoded information.

Channel is the medium or method through which a message is sent to its intended receiver.

Receiver is the one who interpret the message of the sender; makes feedback out of the information taken from the source.

Decoding is a process of interpretation and translation of coded information into a comprehensible form.

Feedback is the response that is sent back by the receiver to the sender.

Noise is anything that interferes communication

TYPE OF NOISE

External Noise- is the sights, sounds and stimuli that draw people’s attention from what is being said. Example: loud sound, dark room, unclear caption

Internal Noise- are thoughts and feeling that intervene in communication process. Example: day dreaming, stress

Semantic Noise- are unintended meaning that aroused by certain symbols. Example: homonyms (words having the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings) homophone (words having the same pronunciation but different meanings)

CONTEXT

CONTEXT - refers to the setting in which communication takes place. The context helps establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said

Physical Context- it refers to where communication takes place. Example: lightning, temperature, noise level

Social Context - is the relationship that exists between and among participants. Example: The way we communicate with our parents will always be different with the way we communicate with our friends.

Historical Context- is the background provided by the previous communication that influences understanding of the current encounter.

Psychological context includes mood and feelings each person brings to the communication.

Cultural Context this includes beliefs, values, norms that are shared by an large group of people

LEVEL OF COMMUNICATION

Verbal Communication- involves words, spoken written and signed. Example: face to face communication

Non-verbal Communication- includes body language such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and posture

Intrapersonal Communication- occurs within the person. This refers to as cognitive or personal communication

Interpersonal Communication- refers to communication between two persons who established a communicative relationship

Public Communication- is when a speaker sending a message to an audience

ETHICS

refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.

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CULTURE AS GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNICITY

Cross-Cultural Communication – generally compares the communication styles and patterns of people from very different cultural/social structures, such as nation-states.

Intercultural Communication – deals with how people from these cultural/social structures speak to one another and what the difficulties or differences the encounter over and above the different languages they speak.

DIMENSION OF CULTURE

Association Relationships build slowly and depend on trust. An individual’s identity is rooted in groups (family, culture, work). Social structure and authority are centralized.

Interaction - Nonverbal elements such as voice tone, gestures, facial expression, and eye movement are significant. Verbal messages are indirect

Territoriality - Space is communal. People stand close to each other and share the same space.

Temporality - Everything has its own time, and time is not easily scheduled. Change is slow, and time is a process that belongs to others and nature

DIMENSION OF CULTURE

Collectivism- focuses on group goals, what is best for the collective group, and personal relationships.

Individualist -persons set personal goals and objectives based on self.

CONFLICT

Dominating Styles – involve forcing one’s will on another to satisfy individual desires regardless of negative rational consequences.

Integrating Styles – necessitate a great deal of open discussion about the conflict at hand to reach a solution that completely satisfies everyone involved.

Compromising Styles – are often confused with integrating styles because a solution is reached following discussion of the conflict

Obliging styles of conflict management – involve giving up one’s position to satisfy another’s this style generally emphasizes areas of agreement and deemphasizes areas of disagreement.

Avoiding styles of conflict – people avoid the conflict entirely either by falling to acknowledge its existence or by withdrawing from a situation when it arises.

MASCULINITY Men’s role is to rule, women’s role is to raise up children.

FEMINITY Men are also involved in children’s upbringing.

Task Orientation Focus on tasks and principles

Social Orientation Focus on person and relationship

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LANGUAGE AND ETHIC

Prejudice- refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group.

Racism- is a stronger type of prejudice used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

PERSONALITY STRENGTH

Self-concept refers to the way in which a person views the self.

Self-disclosure refers to the willingness of the individuals to openly and appropriately reveal information from themselves to their counterparts.

Self-monitoring refers to using social comparison of information to control and modify your self-presentation and expressive behavior.

Social relaxation is the ability to reveal little anxiety in communication.

BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

ANXIETY - When you are anxious because of not knowing what you are expected to do

ASSUMING DIFFERENCE - instead of similarity can lead to your not recognizing important things that cultures share in common.

ETHNOCENTRISM - or negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.

stereotype- is a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people

Prejudice- refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion or sexual orientation

MOTIVATION - - The desire to communicate successfully with strangers is an important start.

OPEN-MINDNESS- It’s one thing to tolerate ambiguity

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL - One thing to enhance your understanding of one’s culture is being mindful.

Varieties and

Registers of Spoken and

Written Language

Speech variety- a concept of domain, is important because it signifies the class situation where the certain speech variety is used.

domain- is also referred to as social situation. It may refer to as home, school, employment

Spoken language- is a language that is spoken. Spoken language involves the actual use of speech or related utterances that convey meaning to share thoughts or other information.

Varieties of Spoken Language

a. Interactional- it is a type of spoken language that

maintain one’s social function

b. Referential- in this type of spoken language, the listener

has the background knowledge of what the speaker is saying.

c. Expressive- it shows the speaker’s judgments or feelings

about a person, event or situation

d. Transactional- this involves the gaining of information

that involves closing a deal

e. Phatic- this is the small, plain, talk

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Kinds of

Language

Varieties

Pidgin- It is a language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but don’t

share common language.

Creole- It is a distinct language that has taken most of its vocabulary from another language, but has its own

unique grammatical rules.

Regional Dialect- It is a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. Some regional dialects have been given traditional names

which mark them out as being significantly different from standard varieties spoken in the same place.

Minority dialect- Sometimes members of a particular minority ethnic group have their own variety which they use as a

marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety.

Indigenized variety- It is spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations.

There are five language registers depending on

use and situations.

Frozen/Static Register- This style of communication rarely/never changes and does not require feedbacks. It is frozen in time and

content. Example: The Lord’s Prayer

Formal Register- This is the language used in formal setting. This use of language usually follows an accepted format. Example: sermon of the priest, speech of the

President

Consultative Register- It is a professional discourse wherein the users are engaged in a mutually accepted structure of communications. It is formal and the users of this speech are accompanied by societal expectations. Example: doctor and patient, teacher and student

Casual Register- This is informal language used by peers and friends. Example: chat, friendly letter

Intimate Register- This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate people having certain

relationship or bond. Example: husband and wife, siblings

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