Summary of Chapter 6

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Encoding

Levels of processing, relational and item specific, elaboration and maintenance rehearsal, Mandler's dual process model: familiarity + search and retrieval, Hunt and Einstein found item specific can become redundant for free recall but benefits recognition - against levels of processing as free recall can benefit from processing different from that at encoding

Memory stores and systems

Stores and systems definitions, episodic and semantic distinction + problems, amnesiac data, procedural and declarative distinction, amnesiac data

Retrieval

Encoding specificity principle and TAP, distinction between cues and processes, empirical evidence for both e.g. Tulving and word associations, Morris and phonetic/semantic matching conditions

Implicit Memory

Unconscious awareness of memory tested/used, word frags/recall,recog, perceptual and conceptual, word frag as evidence of implicit but Butler Berry say unintentional not same as unconscious. TAP account focus on processing e.g. perceptual/conceptual appropriateness of task, MMS account focuses on procedural and declarative system. Problems with both e.g. Hunt + infinite systems and more than just systems and brain locations. Amnesiac studies further problems because good performance for both types of implicit task - distinction between implicit/explicit more important than perceptual/conceptual. Links to dual process model - familiarity vs context based - maps onto implict/explicit and perceptual/conceptual thus nature of task will affect how well processes are utitlised

Jacoby's Process Dissociation Framework

Automatic vs recollective processes and implicit/explicit tasks. Focused vs divided attention - divided affected recollective but not automatic - criticised by Joordens and Merikle because not evidence of independence but of redundancy of recollective processes for retrieval

Remember and Know Judgements

Remember and know judgements, one or two step procedure (plus guess) Tulving word pairs - free recall strongest reps and remember related to strength of rep thus free recall should lead to most remember judgements: hypothesis confirmed. Gardiner: Various variables affect these judgements. Donaldson believed response criteria not qualitatively different memory processes - strength affects judgements so remember: more but know relies on semantic memory so is semantic weak? Conway MCT longitudinal study found shift over time from remember to know, indicates semantic memory important role re abstraction from original detailed memory to core representation - supports idea of semantic memory as an abstraction of episodic memory