Unit 7 - Communism and Decolonization

Page 1

Day 1 - The Limits of Postwar Prosperity

The Soviet Union Struggles to Move Beyond Stalin

Stalin's rivalry with the US allowed to make dictatorship; purges and labor camps, anti-Western

5 year plans; favor military industry over collectivization

indoctrination, attacked religion, lack of civil liberties in one party states

Yugoslavia's Josip Tito resisted with no Russian army

Stalin dies, leaving bad agriculture, strong Western alliance, isolated Soviet Union

Khrushchev led de-Stalinization - coexist with capitalism, increased standard of living, Solzhenitsyn

de-Stalinization - rebellion in satellites, successful in Poland, not Hungary

built Berlin Wall to keep East Germans from defecting to West

threaten party authority and unsuccessful - Khrushchev caused Cuban Missile Crisis

Brezhnev stop liberalization, start building up arms

Western Europe's Postwar Challenge

Europe: unemployment, shortages, destruction - form democratic governments

progressive Catholics and Christian Democrats were influential

De Gasperi (Italy) and Adenauer (Germany) reject fascism; welfare enacted

Cold War prevent allies in Germany finding political settlement

under Adenauer, West recover from WWII, capitalist, lead NATO

West Germany use free-market economy and social welfare, France used nationalized banks

Marshall Plan aid economic unity pursuit in Europe; French Schuman propose organization

France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg - Treaty of Rome, Common Market for steel and coal

deGaulle's French Nationalism viewed US as a threat to independence, withdrew from NATO, created nuclear weapons

migrant laborers recover economy; replace dead men; mistreated when settled in

America's Economic Boom and Civil Rights Revolution

US - increased standard of living; strong economy, no damage from war

Brown v. Board of Education challenge segregated schools; Martin Luther King Jr. led civil rights

Lyndon Johnson enact Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act, prohibiting discrimination

attack poverty with Medicaid, Medicare and Head Start

The World in 1968

young protesters: students in Europe and Latin America, oppose Soviet, Vietnam War, civil/women's rights

liberal Czech "Prague Spring" replace with Dubcek restore freedoms

many uprisings, many violent reactions

Page 2

Day 2 - The End of the Cold War

detente: relaxation in Cold War tensions; Helsinki Accords - frontiers not changed, freedoms of citizens, signed by US, Soviet Union, Canada, & European nations

stalled when Brezhnev invaded Afghanistan to save Marxist regime

Reagan, Thatcher, and Kohl wanted to liberalize east Europe

The Limits of reform in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

quell free expression in satellites, increase standard of living, party elite had incentive

number of specialists increased, education increased, public opinion grew

Gorbachev reformed with democratic socialism

perestroika - economical restructuring, freer prices and autonomy, failed, popular support decrease

glasnost - campaign for openness in government and media, free speech

party in control, independent minority elected; countries wanted autonomy

withdraw from Afghanistan to reduce Cold War tension, repudiate Brezhnev Doctrine

Poland resisted collectivization and refused break from Catholicism; Pope John Paul II make spiritual crisis

Lech Watesa organized Solidarity, labor union pressure into free election; Mazowiccki - prime minister

Czech Velvet Revolution led to Havel's election; Ceausescu caused armed uprising in Romania

Hungary and Austria open to East Germany, flee to West Germany; built Berlin Wall

Germany reunify; many fled and Kohl reassured leaders not to fear reunification

electoral politics and welfare suffered; inequalities in wealth, industry areas declined

economic decline in Yugoslavia; Milosevic try to unite Serbs, met with NATO airstrikes

Class Notes

Nikita Khrushchev (1953 - 64)

Alexander Dubcek (1968 - Czecho)

Mikhail Gorbachev (1985 - 89)

Khrushchev's secret speech - criticize Stalin and the Party

wanted to make USSR democratic gradually, happy, consumer

Soviet technical progress, modernized

kept heavy industry due to Cold War

low standard of living, planned economy to increase consumer industry; resisted

living conditions improve under Khrushchev

reformed agriculture for food shortage, wasted harvest with no storage

wants to make consumers like Americans, still need sacrifice for industry

rivalry with America - still limit freedom

no five-year plan, still have target production, low quality

Dubcek elected president of Czechoslovakia - "socialism with a human face", reform

might end communism/socialism

USSR invade Czechoslovakia in 1968

Gorbachev - "Socialism with a democratic face"

holds free elections, respect East Europe political decisions

1980 - Solidarity organized (Poland)

1981 - Marshall law imposed in Poland

1985 - Gorbachev becomes premier, make Glasnost (free speech) and Perestroika (loosened economic control)

1988 - Poland's economy about to collapse

1989 - free elections in Polish parliament, Solidarity back, no communism; USSR elect an independent minority; Soviet troops withdrawn from Afghanistan; Havel elected as Czech president; Berlin Wall (GDR) down; Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia; Hungary opens borders

Page 3

Days 3 & 4 - Communist China under Mao

China's Intellectual Revolution

New Culture Movement - revolution of Chinese thought, Nationalism play a big role

young, Western-oriented intellectuals attack Confucianism (subordination)

advocate individualism, democratic equality, scientific method, simplified language

many turn to Marxist socialism - West origin, scientific, materialist

criticize Western dominance (saving pride), blame capitalist imperialism

Mao Zedong - Marxist socialist, use peasants after watching protests

Autumn Harvest Uprising - unsuccessful, an experiment in peasant revolt

advocate equal distribution of land and guerilla groups, built Communist soviet

women more equal - no arranged marriage/polygamy, job/school opportunity

Revolution and Resurgence in East and Southeast Asia

The Communist Victory in China

USSR occupied Manchuria, allow Chinese communists to seize industrial areas

Communists and Nationalists stall fighting to fight Japanese, resume post WWII

Jiang Jieshi and Nationalists defeated, flee to Taiwan, Mao made People's Republic of China

Communists avoid battles, seek peasant support, anti-Japanese

nationalist to peasants - decreased rents, land redistribution, propaganda, intellectuals

redistributed rich people's land, arrest and execute opposition from ruling groups

adopt 5 year plans and collectivization, Russians build factories, USSR aid

civil and political rights abolished, churches closed, no prostitution/drug abuse, women's rights

Great Leap Forward - industry based in small workshops, peasants in communes

economic disaster, no peasants work land, great famines

Russians criticize Chinese policy, cut off economic and military aid

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, fear bureaucracy, capitalist, revisionist

purge party; young people and army in Red Guard attacking enemies of Mao

Little Red Book; want to erase feudal and bourgeois thought

destroy art and books, exile intellectuals, close universities, labor camps

Class Notes

USSR vs. China under Mao, similarities

collectivization of large land holdings

five year plans of state led industrialization

purges across Chinese society - prison camps (gulags)

suppression of freedom of thought, speech, press

spurs a majority party - semi-power

state-induced famines

propaganda to spread obedience/allegiance

Goal - catch up with West; endless sacrifice for a better national future

nationalist party (1926) sets Mao on Long March, Great Depression gives time to organize

not as big, but well led; communists (1949) come into control

Great Leap Forward (1958) - no factory, stone and clay

famine - peasants sought approval of the state, report false numbers, tax starved

Mao needs to recover image, appeal to youth in Cultural Revolution

purges old and western things, catch up without becoming Western

allow destruction, youth want to destroy things

Page 4

Day 5 - Indian Independence

British Promises and Repression

British fear revolt from Indian nationalism in WWII

Indians supported war effort with supplies and soldiers, given better jobs in government

inflation, taxes, shortages, and influenza; suffering make moderates and radicals join

Lucknow Pact between Hindu Congress Party and Muslim League - want equality

E. S. Montagu make government with elected Indians and authoritarian British

give unsensitive matters to Indians; taxes, police, and courts still controlled by British

passed Rowlatt Acts, control unrest, opposing Indins rioted

Dyer caused Amritsar Massacre at Sikh religious festival, almost became terrorist

The Roots of Militant Nonviolence

Mohandas K. Gandhi born; native princes ruled with British guidance

studied law in England, did law in Natal, South Africa, against plantation owners

discriminated Indian indentured servants, rich had no votes, more Indian than white

Gandhi used satyagraha - justice through love and nonviolent resistance

organize peaceful protest vs. movement restriction, exasperating, won rights

Gandhi's Resistance Campaign in India

known as mahatma; boycott British goods, jobs, honors, refuse taxes and goods

nationalism in all classes, appeal especially to non-warrior castes, outcastes, widows, Muslims too

some became violent, Gandhi arrested for 2 years, tried to improve society

commission (no Indians) decide self rule, National Congress divide

Gandhi try to reunite; Nehru call for independence, want violence

salt necessary, British had monopoly, went to sea to illegally make salt

protests continue after arrest, negotiate for beginning of self-rule

Hindu nationalism bothered Muslims, call for creation of Pakistan

Page 5

Day 6 - The Partition of India

Nationalism in South Asia and the Middle East

Independence in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

Muslim League's leader, Jinnah, feared independence, Congress Party led India

wanted to separate Hindu and Muslim states from British

gave independence, bloody fights; Mountbatten created partition

massacres, Gandhi could not ease tensions; killed by Hindu for trying to appease Muslims

fought of Kashmir, important border state, tensions continue

Nehru and Congress Party gave women legal equality, abolish outcaste

relocation exacerbate poverty, neutral in Cold War, seek economic cooperation

Pakistan divided into east and west, India between

Bengalis of East Pakistan population majority, neglected by government

revolted and became Bangladesh; secular parliamentary democracy seeking economic and political stability after disasters in Ganges Delta

Class Notes

WWI - 1.2 million Indians serve

self determination (nationalism)

Lucknow Pact - Hindus and Muslim leaders unite for independence movement - increased self rule, common enemy

80% Hindu, 20% Muslim, 300 million Indians, 100K British

Rowlatt Acts (1919) - massacre of Sikhs - British can make any rule, man in Punjab decides no mass meetings, 10K dead

Gandhi - studies law in England, high caste

goes to South Africa, more Indians, white minority, colonial majority

couldn't vote, curfews, restrict movement in South Africa, segregated facilities

non-violent resistance - not passive

wears traditional, poor clothing

boycott British goods

Salt March - 240 miles, 50K people follow, 60K arrested

connects with the masses

WWII - 1947 agree to partition India

Jinnah (Muslim League) - wants modern secular state (Pakistan), unyielding

1948 - Britain leaves India

15 million people in forced migration, 1 million die

3 wars between India and Pakistan

India develop democracy, modern economy and politics

Islamic and agricultural

both have bombs, don't want to fight China

Page 6

Day 7 - Apartheid in South Africa

Class Notes

India

Hindu (80%)

Muslim (20%)

300 million Indians, 100,000 British

limited roles in government, Indian Civil Service

no voting

economic restriction to favor Britain

restriction on assembly, speech

nonviolence - turns violent at times

Great Britain responds with violence

Great Britain has no more resources and energy to maintain empire

White South Africans (20%)

Afrikaners (Dutch settlers)

British (economic)

Non-White South Africans (80%)

Africans

Indians

Apartheid

can't move within country

passport needed at all times

no positions in government

no vote

cannot own land

Mandela

Non-violent protest

labor strikes (2 million)

boycott British goods

burned passes

British response - ban ANC - violent repression (massacres) - imprison leaders (Mandela)

Apartheid ends (1994)

international pressure

performers/teams refused to go

embargo

Olympic ban