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The Cuban crisis , one of the most serious political crises in the history of international relations after World War II , part of the Cuban conflict. Erupted at a time when Cuba under the leadership of F. Castro entered the sphere of influence of the USSR , to give assistance , including military .The immediate cause was to provide U.S. intelligence information on deployment in Cuba 42 ballistic missile launchers Soviet ground-to- ground medium-range missile launchers 144 surface-to- air fighter -bombers and thousands of Soviet soldiers.In 1962, President J. Kennedy ordered the inspection of all vessels , including commercial , flowing to Cuba, strengthened the forces stationed at the naval base at Guantanamo Bay and demanded the removal of missiles from Cuba area . Soviet ships stopped at the border zone designated by the United States, but the Soviet Union claimed that the missiles in Cuba and demanded no interruption of lock . Both countries have set their nuclear forces on full alert .The U.S. began to prepare for the invasion of Cuba. The world was faced with a nuclear conflict. N. Khrushchev, Soviet leader decided , however, to withdraw the vessel and removing the missiles from Cuba in exchange for the resignation of U.S. intervention in the country and the removal of missiles from the area of ​​Turkey, the U.S. medium-range . He also agreed to inspect the U.S. during the dismantling of the launcher. The escalation of the conflict during the Cuban conflict realized the need to ensure the future of direct contact leaders of the two nuclear superpowers , was then installed so . hotline .Password developed on the basis of the "Dictionary of encyclopedic Civic Education " Publishing Europe . Authors: Roman Smolski , Marek Smolski , Elizabeth Helena Stadtmüller . ISBN 83-85336-31-1 . Year 1999 .

Bay of Pigs operation , the operation carried out in April 1961 , whose aim was to overthrow the government F. Castro in Cuba. As a result of the deterioration of US -Cuban relations , and against the real threat of expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence in the territory of the island, U.S. intelligence has developed a plan to overthrow the dictator. Formation consisting of 1 300 Cuban emigrants ( Brigade 2506 ) was subjected to a special military training , her job was to get the support of the Cuban people and sparking a nationwide uprising. There would also be part of U.S. Air Force for bombing airfields and military . The program has gained acceptance landing newly elected President JF Kennedy , however, failed completely . The bombing did not achieve the intended purpose , the Cuban party gathered in the Gulf of Pigs significant military forces in two days total defeat inflicted desantowców branches . Bay of Pigs operation ultimately decided the socialist nature of the Cuban state , has contributed to a serious rise in tension between the parties and the Cold War led to a real threat of global conflict .

January 1, 1959 , the power in Cuba , Fidel Castro took over .The new government was recognized by the United States. Soon, however, appeared grievances and accusations . The Cuban government has proceeded to the expropriation and confiscation of assets belonging to companies and U.S. citizens . In the United States received these measures as an attack on American property . Since mid- 1960, began the US- Cuban economic war . The response to subsequent acts of taking over the assets of the U.S. was expanding economic blockade of Cuba. At the same time the deterioration of the Cuban- American relations have developed contacts with the Castro government socialist . Cuba has concluded trade agreements with China and the USSR, and later with other countries. May 8, 1960 , the Soviet Union resumed diplomatic relations with Cuba. In the fall of 1960, the Cuban delegation Ernest "Che " Guevara led stayed in the Soviet Union . In a statement issued at the end of the visit included the words: " The most important form of assistance Cuba considers the statement of the Soviet Prime Minister about the readiness of the USSR to Cuba to grant full support in the fight for independence and opposition to aggression. "The Central Intelligence Agency since December 1959 prepared plans for operation against the Cuban Revolution .They consisted of two parts. Some essential accounted for the formation of the island. The second part of the plan , he never documented in writing and hidden under the code names and code names , consisted of treacherous " elimination " of Fidel Castro . Succumbing to pressure from President Kennedy agreed to make the invasion, but at the same time introduced the condition that the United States was not directly involved in it . April 14, 1961 , the CIA helped to start the action . Introduction was to be a bombing raid on Cuba, which would destroy Castro's air force . CIA plans required the use of a minimum of 16 aircraft , Kennedy agreed to the 6 - assumed that they will play a role rebellious Cuban aircraft . Performed by not raid did not fulfill his task , and provoked violent opposition from the UN and world public opinion . From a military point of view , the success of the CIA action was needed now second strike aviation , to provide " air umbrella " invasive forces that landed on April 17 at the Bay of Pigs . At this Kennedy disagreed . In connection with the U.S. activities of the Soviet Union addressed a note addressed to the United States . It contained a statement that the Soviet government " does not leave you in the misery of the Cuban people and to provide all necessary assistance and support in a fair fight for the freedom and independence of Cuba ."In November 1961, after several months of meetings with colleagues, John Kennedy issued a directive " from use of all available means to overthrow Castro ."Began secret "Operation Mongoose " . Planned in the number of acts of sabotage , war propaganda and provocation . In April 1962 , the new Deputy CIA Director Richard Helms ordered the reactivation of secret plans to poison Fidel Castro.At the time, the problem of providing protection against interference in Cuba the United States increasingly great concern for Nikita Khrushchev .The American press was growing antykubańska campaign . With the Soviet Embassy in Washington flowed relationship with unofficial talks with representatives of the Kennedy administration , indicating that the Americans intend to continue to defend its interests in Cuba by all means . Interview Cuban , having informants in environments emigrant , had given the CIA for covert actions against Cuba . Deeply rooted notion of " class blindness " that govern the United States complemented concerns Khrushchev. After the events in the Bay of Pigs Soviet leader declared that the Soviet Union is obliged to assist the new government on the island. " The loss of Cuba " mean - in his opinion - the loss of prestige of the Soviet Union and the " discredit Marxism- Leninism." Effective defense of Cuba against the expected attempt another invasion was, however, a difficult task. From the borders of the Soviet Union divided over it after ten thousand kilometers . " What do you do to scare Americans - considered Khrushchev . - The logical answer was one - a rocket . "In the spring of 1962 years the idea of the Soviet Prime Minister to Cuba deploy missile and nuclear weapons , began to take concrete shape.Transporting and installing missiles in Cuba would take place in secret. Khrushchev wanted to reveal this fact until after the November elections to the U.S. Congress in a special letter to President Kennedy or a meeting with him during his stay in New York on the occasion of the UN General Assembly . The military supported the idea of Khrushchev stressing that the placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba will reduce the real advantage that the United States and NATO countries have over the Soviet Union in the field of nuclear missile weapons . In the first stage on the island called put the batteries latest Soviet ground-to- air missile SAM , which would provide air defense . The next planned step was to send three regiments of R-12 missiles with a range of nearly 2,000 km, capable of carrying nuclear warheads strength of 1 megaton , two regiments of the R-14 missiles with a range of 4.000 km and more than 40 -thousand military personnel , which złożyłyby troops motorized Airforce equipped with MiG-21 fighters and bombers, Il- 28 ( planned 42 aircraft ), each capable of transferring 12 - kilotonowych bombs at a distance of a thousand kilometers , the crew torpedo boats , radar service and support staff .In mid- July 1962 began metastasis of Soviet troops and equipment to Cuba.There has been much to mask the relevant objectives of the operation. First of all , she received the name of " Anadyr " - like a river in eastern part of Siberia, escaping into the Barents Sea and located in the area air base , which had the potential to confuse observers troop movements . Transportation held commercial vessels . In order to maintain secrecy troops bound for the ports of loading to the Baltic coast and Black received full winter gear. It was only during the journey across the Atlantic masters , in the presence of high-ranking officers of the KGB , opened and unopened envelopes learned where they were going .Increased traffic on the sea routes leading to Cuba immediately reported American intelligence services .They reported that in the period from 26 July to 8 August arrived at the island of 8 vessels of the Soviet bloc , and over the next two weeks - 12 more . Most of them nailed to the deepwater port of Mariel in the western province of Pinar del Rio . Local residents were evacuated . To unloaded ships were not allowed any of the Cubans . Landing is only at night, and working with the soldiers were dressed in civilian clothes sports . Commanders directing the construction of missile bases , however, demonstrated a total disregard for the art of camouflage and masking of works constructed objects. All work carried out routine mode as if they were held on their own , the reach of enemy territory.September 4 , Robert Kennedy accepted the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin in Washington . The ambassador asked him to pass President Nikita Khrushchev words about the absence of any intention to spoil relations between the two countries in the period before the U.S. elections . Premier Khrushchev - told Dobrynin - too well of President Kennedy , and does not want to cause him trouble. No offensive weapons is not placed in Cuba - assured on behalf of his boss. In response to Robert Kennedy pointed ambassador to U.S. concerns about the growing Soviet involvement in Cuba. On the same day John Kennedy declared publicly : "The problem of Cuban must be treated as part of a threat to the peace in the world as a result of the communist threat . The United States is still of the opinion that there should be to ensure that the Castro regime could export its aggressive purposes by force or threat of force . If necessary to prevent it , by all means , take action against any part of the Western Hemisphere . " Khrushchev 's response was to sign an order to send to Cuba additional units of tactical nuclear weapons . September 9th to the Cuban port received Omsk - built in Japan freighter timber - the first ship to transport missiles R-12 on board.The first clear evidence of a deepening military involvement in Cuba USSR Kennedy administration received August 29, 1962.That day plane U -2 flying over the western part of the island , photographed the construction of anti-aircraft missile launchers SAM . In the second half of September, American intelligence services prepared a joint report on the situation in the Caribbean Sea . The report estimated that deployment of missiles in Cuba of intermediate-range and large, increase the strategic potential of the Soviet Union and thus could be an attractive move for the Soviet Union . Nevertheless, the conclusions of the above possibility was rejected because - according to the authors of the report - from the perspective of the Soviet side would be too risky.In early October, he returned to Washington after a month of absence CIA director John McCone . At his insistence the decision was re- reconnaissance aircraft over the entire island . Flight delayed from day to day , waiting for suitable weather conditions . 14 October sky over Cuba finally rozchmurzyło . The Edwards Air Force Base in California Major Richard Heyser , 35, sat at the controls of his machine . Placed on board camera to photograph the area 125 miles wide and 3,000 miles long , doing the double of 4,000 frames.After 5 hours of flight the aircraft entered the airspace of Cuba, and in accordance with the planned route headed toward the western part of the island. The designated place Heyser pulled off and within 12 minutes the camera has done more than 3,000 photographs. The first of six weeks flight over the " forbidden " areas of the island ran quietly . Major Heyser successfully completed mission and after 2 hours in the database McCoy landed near Orlando, Florida. Cameras installed in his U-2 have been discharged . Exposed tape transferred to a waiting plane , which immediately took the road to Washington.

Against the dictatorship of Batista were four main political parties , each of which obierało another tactic to fight the dictatorship .- The fraction of the Revolutionary Party of Cuba under the leadership of Ramón Grau San Martín , the former president of Cuba, content with the role of the legal parliamentary opposition .- Supporters of former President Carlos Prío Socarrás , also belonging to the Revolutionary Party of Cuba , made ​​an unsuccessful military coup attempt . - Federation of University Students fought the dictatorship in the streets , organizing strikes and actively participating in clashes with the police. Carried out an attack on the presidential palace to assassinate Batista and his trusted .- Youth wing of the Orthodox Party , headed by lawyer Fidel Castro , opted for bringing a civil war in the least accessible parts of the country , and then advancing to the more densely populated areas . At the decisive stage of the war planned to cooperate with the revolutionary groups in cities. It is this strategy proved to be the most effective result .July 26, 1953 , together with a small group he made an attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago. The action ended in total disaster - the arrest and conviction Castro to fifteen years in prison , from which , however, was released after two years as a result of an amnesty ordered at the time of elections by Batista . He went then to emigrate to the United States and Mexico, where he was looking for sponsors .During his stay in Mexico in 1955, Castro founded the movement on 26 July, which quickly grew in popularity and began to organize guerrilla units to reopen the fight against the Batista regime . The second attempt to overthrow the dictator Castro took 2 December 1956 , when it was his eighty-two guerrillas landed in Mexico in the old American yacht Granma , landed on the island and - like three years earlier - suffered defeat in the challenge with government troops . Castro , along with the famous twelve companions later found refuge in the inaccessible mountains of the Sierra Maestra .In January 1957 they made ​​the first military action aimed at the military post of La Plata. After obtaining the support of the local population , and other opposition groups in mid- 1958, the guerrillas " July 26 Movement " started to intensified fighting, and their branches grew to more than eighty people. Another branch is often achieved attacks on various military facilities in the province of Oriente , and although these shares did not constitute a serious threat to the Batista dictatorship , it is thanks to the Castro gained a lot of publicity and popularity. These actions also contributed to the increase nationwide reluctance to Batista . March 13, 1957 , a group of over one hundred members of the Students' Union of Cuban made ​​an unsuccessful attempt to seize power in Havana. The rebels managed to master for a short part of the square of the Presidential , but ultimately forces loyal to the government crushed the coup . September 5, 1957 there was a rebellion nearly four hundred sailors from the naval base in Cienfuegos . The revolt was part of a wider conspiracy antybatistowskiego in the army , but broke out earlier than planned and ended in defeat . During the fighting in Cienfuegos killed 200 sailors, 600 civilians and more than 100 soldiers from the branches of government .Guerrilla Castro expanded in 1958 the field of action of the Sierra del Cristal and Sierra de Nicaro , area cities and Bahamo Manzanilla , and even close to the capital of Oriente - the city of Santiago de Cuba . This was due to quantitative expansion guerrilla troops . Batista decided to act and in May 1958 began large antypartyzancką operation under the code name " Verano " complete fiasco and the death of one and a half thousand soldiers Batista . The failure of this action resulted in the spread of the guerrilla . In October 1958 , units led by guerrilla Ernesto "Che " Guevara , Camilo Cienfuegos and Jaime Vega began fighting in the next two provinces of Las Tunas and Camaguey .Government forces were no longer able to fight with a huge insurgency , which ascended massively encouraged peasants land reform . As a result of the alliance " July 26 Movement " with other opposition organizations in July 1958 , we established " agencies of the United Civil Front, Revolutionary Struggle ."The final offensive took place at the end of December 1958 . After a week-long assault rebel forces captured January 1, 1959 in Santiago de Cuba . On the same day the barracks surrendered them . Leoncio Vidal , the last point of resistance forces batistowskich in Santa Clara - the capital of the province of Villa Clara . The resistance by the military and the police finally broke the news of the escape Batista , which airs flew to the Dominican Republic. January 2, 1959 During the rebel under the command of Che Guevara entered Havana. Civil war engulfed about 30,000 victims. At the beginning of the next year ( January 8, 1959 ) branches Castro marched into Havana.Prime Minister was initially opposition Democrat Jose Miro Cardona general , but was deprived of this position in mid-February by genuinely supported by the people of the guerrilla leader El Comandante - Fidel Castro.

simple!

the usa can be seen as winners of the cuban missile crisis as they withdrawn missiles from cuba and kennedy streanthen his position in the nation.

the ussr can be seen as winners as they got rid of the missiles from turky

problem?

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