Ions and Particles.

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Ions

Ionic compounds are formed when metals react with non-metals.

E.g. copper sulfate

magnesium sulfate

sodium chloride

Ionic compounds are made up of ions.

Ions are charged particles and all ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions.

Cations are positive (purrsative) ions and anions are negative ions.

Particles

All mater is made up of atoms.

The way the atoms are arranged affects the matters properties. (e.g. colour, boiling point, small, melting point, hardness.)

Atoms are made up of: protons

electrons

neutrons

Neutrons and Protons occupy the nucleus of an atom (the centre) and electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

Particles on a slide

There were little particles moving around. They moved in random directions until they collided with other particles.

Heating a Ball

When the ball was not heated the ball could go through the ring. Once the ball was heated the particles gained energy, moved further apart, so the ball expands and the ball couldn't fit through the hoop. On gaining energy the particles can overcome the forces between themselves and move slightly apart.

Serial Dilution

Gradually the solution got lighter and lighter each time. Each dilution dilutes it by a factor of 10. The particles must be very small because a small amount of solid still allows the solution to still be coloured even after four dilutions (a factor of 10,000).

Bromine in a gas jar

Over time the bromine rose from the bottom of jar to fill up the whole jar with gas. The bromine had diffused to fill up the whole jar. The bromine moved from a high concentration (where there was lots of it) to a lower and even concentration. The particles move through the air in rapid, random motion and only change direction when the collide with other particles. Eventually they will evenly fill all the space available.

Coke Can

A coke can was heated with water inside. When you heat it the gas inside gets hot so therefore it will expand. This is because the particles gain energy, move faster and so take up more space. When it is then plunged into cold water the pressure drops because the gases inside the can contracts as they get rapidly colder and then the pressure on the outside of the can is greater than the inside so it crushes the can.

Convection

When the potassium permanganate was heated the purple colour rose and went round the beaker: the colour spread then spread out inside. The water that was heated gains energy and it becomes less dense because the particles move apart so they rise and the cold water drops down to take its place.

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