Quiz
Endocrine
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Perguntas do quiz (30)
1[blank_start]Homeostasis[blank_end] is the maintaining of a variable within a particular range around a [blank_start]set normal point[blank_end] that is required to keep us healthy. These variables are called a [blank_start]controlled variable[blank_end] and when this changes, a receptor will recognise this and inform the [blank_start]control centre[blank_end] that will compare the [blank_start]setpoint[blank_end] and decide whether to tell an [blank_start]effector[blank_end] to respond. The outcome will bring the variable back to the homeostatic range.
- AHomeostasis
- Bset normal point
- Ccontrolled variable
- Dcontrol centre
- Esetpoint
- Feffector
2The [blank_start]reference range[blank_end] is the amplitudes of oscillation of the variable. This is a [blank_start]normal range[blank_end] that this variable should remain within, however, this surrounds the set point that the variable is trying to maintain. The normal range for a population [blank_start]may not be[blank_end] the same as the range for an individual, so it can be [blank_start]dependant[blank_end] on the individual.
- Areference range
- Bnormal range
- Cis
- Ddependant
3[blank_start]Synaptic communication[blank_end] must have a specific [blank_start]receptor field[blank_end] so it is specialised in these places. To get a response in a large area, you need to send [blank_start]multiple signals[blank_end] from [blank_start]multiple neurons[blank_end] and to maintain this, multiple signals must continue to be sent. The [blank_start]endocrine system[blank_end] differs as it targets any cells within the body that has [blank_start]target cells[blank_end] with specific [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] and has a [blank_start]slow[blank_end] response, however, it is a [blank_start]long-lasting[blank_end] one.
- ASynaptic communication
- Breceptor field
- Cmultiple signals
- Dmultiple neurons
- Eendocrine system
- Ftarget cells
- Greceptors
- Hslow
- Ilong-lasting
4The [blank_start]endocrine system[blank_end] sends out [blank_start]chemical messengers[blank_end] specific to enlist a certain [blank_start]response[blank_end] from the [blank_start]target cells[blank_end] and therefore produce the specific [blank_start]response[blank_end] that is required to bring the variable back to the [blank_start]reference range[blank_end] and closer to the [blank_start]set point[blank_end].
- Aendocrine system
- Bchemical messengers
- Cresponse
- Dtarget cells
- Eresponse
- Freference range
- Gset point
5[blank_start]Peptide hormones[blank_end] and [blank_start]catecholamines[blank_end] are water-soluble hormones that can be [blank_start]stored until[blank_end] required. These travel by being [blank_start]dissolved[blank_end] in the blood. As these [blank_start]cannot[blank_end] cross the cell membrane, these must-have receptors on the [blank_start]cell membrane[blank_end]. When the receptor has [blank_start]binded[blank_end] to the hormone, there will be a [blank_start]second messenger[blank_end] within the cell that creates the response within the cell, either activating or deactivating a process. This takes [blank_start]minutes to milliseconds[blank_end].
- APeptide hormones
- Bcatecholamines
- Cstored until
- Ddissolved
- Ecannot
- Fcell membrane
- Gbinded
- Hsecond messenger
- Iminutes to milliseconds
6[blank_start]Steroids[blank_end] and [blank_start]thyroid hormones[blank_end] are lipid-soluble hormones that have to be made as required, however, the [blank_start]thyroid hormones[blank_end] are the exception. As they are [blank_start]not soluble[blank_end] in blood, they must be carried by a [blank_start]carrier protein[blank_end]. As these can cross the cell membrane these have receptors within the [blank_start]cytoplasm[blank_end] or [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end]. They can turn on and off genes to produce specific [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] which takes a [blank_start]long[blank_end] time but has a [blank_start]long-lasting response[blank_end]. The hormone will [blank_start]dissociate[blank_end] from the receptor, [blank_start]diffuse[blank_end] into the cell and bind to the [blank_start]intracellular receptor[blank_end]. If the receptor is in the cytoplasm, they will move together into the nucleus. The target [blank_start]gene[blank_end] will be activated and new [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] will be made so the required protein will be produced to create a response. This is very [blank_start]slow[blank_end] and can take [blank_start]hours to days[blank_end].
- ASteroids
- Bthyroid hormones
- Cthyroid hormones
- Dnot soluble
- Ecarrier protein
- Fcytoplasm
- Gnucleus
- Hproteins
- Ilong
- Jlong-lasting response
- Kdissociate
- Ldiffuse
- Mintracellular receptor
- Ngene
- OmRNA
- Pslow
- Qhours to days
7The pancreas is a very important organ that secretes hormones that maintain [blank_start]blood sugar[blank_end]. (it also secretes digestive hormones but that isn’t important here). The endocrine glands called [blank_start]pancreatic islets[blank_end] make up around 1 percent of the pancreas. This includes beta cells that secrete [blank_start]insulin[blank_end] and alpha cells that secrete [blank_start]glucagon[blank_end].
- Ablood sugar
- Bpancreatic islets
- Cinsulin
- Dglucagon
8[blank_start]Hypoglycemia[blank_end] occurs when blood sugar is very low and [blank_start]hyperglycemia[blank_end] occurs when it is extremely high, both of which are fatal. The brains only energy supply is [blank_start]glucose[blank_end], so these levels are extremely important. During the day, we have two states. At the [blank_start]fed[blank_end] state our body focuses on the [blank_start]uptake[blank_end] of nutrients and [blank_start]anabolic[blank_end] metabolism, producing [blank_start]glycogen[blank_end] (glucose storage molecule), proteins and fat. During our fasting state, our body focuses on the [blank_start]mobilisation[blank_end] of nutrients and [blank_start]catabolic[blank_end] metabolism where glycogen, proteins and fat are [blank_start]broken down[blank_end] to supply our body with glucose.
- AHypoglycemia
- Bhyperglycemia
- Cglucose
- Dfed
- Euptake
- Fglycogen
- Ganabolic
- Hmobilisation
- Icatabolic
- Jbroken down
9[blank_start]Insulin[blank_end] and [blank_start]glucagon[blank_end] maintain blood glucose concentration within the [blank_start]70-110[blank_end] dL^-1 reference range. The body can turn fatty acids and amino acids into [blank_start]glucose[blank_end]. This is called [blank_start]gluconeogenesis[blank_end], however, [blank_start]glycogenolysis[blank_end] (breakdown of glycogen) is much faster. The [blank_start]pancreas[blank_end] is the control centre of this system in response to a fluctuation in blood glucose concentration. [blank_start]Insulin[blank_end] is for uptaking glucose into the liver, muscle and adipose as [blank_start]glycogen[blank_end], proteins and fat. Therefore [blank_start]insulin[blank_end] decreases blood glucose concentration. [blank_start]Glucagon[blank_end] breaks down glycogen ([blank_start]glycogenolysis[blank_end]), increases glucose synthesis and increases [blank_start]ketone[blank_end] synthesis. This means blood glucose and [blank_start]ketone[blank_end] concentrations rise.
- AInsulin
- Bglucagon
- C70-110
- Dglucose
- Egluconeogenesis
- Fglycogenolysis
- Gpancreas
- HInsulin
- Iglycogen
- JGlucagon
- Kinsulin
- Lglycogenolysis
- Mketone
- Nketone
10The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] is part of the brainstem (it is within the [blank_start]diencephalon[blank_end]) and it is the connection between neural and hormonal transmission. Below the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] is the [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] gland which has an anterior and posterior part. These are distinctly different due to the cells that make it up. The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] controls the secretion of [blank_start]pituitary hormones[blank_end] due to the neural stimulation within the brain.
- Ahypothalamus
- Bdiencephalon
- Chypothalamus
- Dpituitary
- Ehypothalamus
- Fpituitary hormones
11The [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] lobe is connected to neurons within the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] pituitary. This connects to the [blank_start]capillaries[blank_end] within the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] pituitary where the neural made hormones called [blank_start]posterior pituitary hormones[blank_end] that are released into the body. These hormones are stored in the axon until needed when an action potential comes. This produces two hormones. [blank_start]Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)[blank_end] stimulates the [blank_start]kidney[blank_end] to [blank_start]reabsorb[blank_end] water from the urine. [blank_start]Oxytocin[blank_end] stimulates the contraction of the [blank_start]uterine muscles[blank_end] for childbirth and stimulates [blank_start]milk[blank_end] release.
- Aposterior
- Bposterior
- Ccapillaries
- Dposterior
- Eposterior pituitary hormones
- FAntidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Gkidney
- Hreabsorb
- IOxytocin
- Juterine muscles
- Kmilk
12The [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] pituitary has capillaries that extend into the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end]. The hormone that is secreted by the [blank_start]neuron[blank_end] is not the main hormone that produces a response, it goes into the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] pituitary where there are multiple groups of [blank_start]specialised[blank_end] cells with receptors for that releasing or inhibiting hormone to produce/release (or stop the release of) specific hormones into the bloodstream. The [blank_start]target cell[blank_end] will release the [blank_start]pituitary hormone[blank_end] which will most commonly be for another endocrine system that will produce another hormone which has [blank_start]negative[blank_end] feedback to the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] pituitary and [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end].
- Aanterior
- Bhypothalamus
- Cneuron
- Danterior
- Especialised
- Ftarget cell
- Gpituitary hormone
- Hnegative
- Ianterior
- Jhypothalamus
13The hypothalamus releases [blank_start]growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH)[blank_end] so the anterior pituitary will release [blank_start]growth hormone[blank_end]. This will go to the [blank_start]liver[blank_end] which produces [blank_start]somatomedin c[blank_end] (aka insulin-like growth factor 1, [blank_start]IGF-1[blank_end]) which creates the effects in the body. This [blank_start]somatomedin c[blank_end] will negatively feedback to the hypothalamus and tell the hypothalamus to instead produce [blank_start]growth hormone inhibiting hormone[blank_end] or [blank_start]somatostatin[blank_end] ([blank_start]GH-IH[blank_end] or SS (same)) which stops the production of [blank_start]growth hormone[blank_end] in the anterior pituitary. The [blank_start]growth hormone[blank_end] also has direct effects in [blank_start]muscle and fat[blank_end]. The direct effects in these organs are stimulating [blank_start]protein[blank_end] synthesis (long term exposure to the hormone) and inhibiting cellular uptake of [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] (short term exposure) in muscles, Stimulates [blank_start]gluconeogenesis[blank_end] (short term exposure) and increases [blank_start]triglyceride[blank_end] breakdown in adipose tissue (short term) to make the new glucose out of. That shows the short term we are [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] blood glucose. The indirect effects are that [blank_start]somatostatin c[blank_end] promotes cell division and therefore growth in the bones, muscle and other tissues (long term)The highest growth hormone concentration is [blank_start]at night[blank_end]. We also see that overall these levels peak at puberty and are lowest at old age.
- Agrowth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH)
- Bgrowth hormone
- Cliver
- Dsomatomedin c
- EIGF-1
- Fsomatomedin c
- Ggrowth hormone inhibiting hormone
- Hsomatostatin
- IGH-IH
- Jgrowth hormone
- Kgrowth hormone
- Lmuscle and fat
- Mprotein
- Nglucose
- Ogluconeogenesis
- Ptriglyceride
- Qincreasing
- Rsomatostatin c
- Sat night
14The [blank_start]thyroid[blank_end] is a butterfly-shaped gland that sits below the larynx and is on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the [blank_start]trachea[blank_end]. It is composed of small spherical sacs called [blank_start]follicles[blank_end] surrounded by [blank_start]follicular cells[blank_end], in which [blank_start]thyroid hormone[blank_end] is made. There are other cells called [blank_start]clear cells[blank_end] or c cells that are in clusters between [blank_start]follicles[blank_end] which produce [blank_start]calcitonin[blank_end]. The [blank_start]parathyroid[blank_end] glands are at the back of the trachea connected to the thyroid as four small glands. The [blank_start]adrenal[blank_end] glands sit like little hats on top of the kidneys. It has [blank_start]three[blank_end] layers that secrete different hormones.
- Athyroid
- Btrachea
- Cfollicles
- Dfollicular cells
- Ethyroid hormone
- Fclear cells
- Gfollicles
- Hcalcitonin
- Iparathyroid
- Jadrenal
- Kthree
15The thyroid makes and secretes [blank_start]thyroid hormone[blank_end] which is essential for [blank_start]metabolic activity[blank_end] and [blank_start]calcitonin[blank_end] which is involved in [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] homeostasis. The follicles make a protein called [blank_start]thyroglobulin (TGB)[blank_end] and when [blank_start]iodine[blank_end] enters the follicle cells from the blood, it reacts with tyrosine in the [blank_start]thyroglobulin[blank_end]. This makes [blank_start]thyroid hormones[blank_end] [blank_start]T3[blank_end] (active) and [blank_start]T4[blank_end] (more plentiful) which stay attached until needed. When released these hormones are carried by a carrier protein called [blank_start]thyroid-binding globulin (TBG )[blank_end] to be carried to the target cells. [blank_start]Parathyroid hormone[blank_end] is released from the parathyroid to regulate [blank_start]calcium[blank_end]. The outer layer of the adrenal gland produces [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end]. The middle layer secretes [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end] and the inner layer secretes [blank_start]androgens[blank_end]. The [blank_start]adrenal medulla[blank_end] in the centre of the adrenal gland which is part of the sympathetic nervous system mainly secretes [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end].
- Athyroid hormone
- Bcalcitonin
- Cthyroglobulin (TGB)
- Diodine
- Ethyroglobulin
- Fthyroid hormones
- GT3
- HT4
- Ithyroid-binding globulin (TBG )
- JParathyroid hormone
- Kcalcium
- Lmetabolic activity
- Mcalcium
- Naldosterone
- Ocortisol
- Pandrogens
- Qadrenal medulla
- Radrenaline
16Thyroid hormone will detach from its carrier protein and [blank_start]diffuse[blank_end] into the cell. T3 binds to the receptors in the nucleus. This acts as a [blank_start]transcription[blank_end] promotor which encourages the activation and [blank_start]transcription[blank_end] of the gene so that the [blank_start]protein[blank_end] is produced. In this case, the [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] is translated to produce [blank_start]sodium-potassium pumps[blank_end]. Without this diffusion across our cells would be affected. This response time takes 45 [blank_start]minutes - days[blank_end]. The hypothalamus is where the [blank_start]thyrotropin-releasing hormone[blank_end] is released into the anterior pituitary where specific receptor cells then release [blank_start]thyroid-stimulating hormone[blank_end]. This causes the thyroid to release T3 and T4 causing the [blank_start]basal metabolic rate[blank_end] (resting metabolic rate) as it increases the synthesis and activity of those pumps. It also stimulates [blank_start]growth[blank_end] (fetus and early childhood) as well as the [blank_start]nervous system[blank_end] reflexes and [blank_start]alertness[blank_end]. The thyroid hormones inhibit the release of the two starting hormones in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Its effects on metabolism include increasing [blank_start]body heat[blank_end] (oxygen consumption and ATP hydrolysis), stimulates the usage of stored [blank_start]fat[blank_end], increases the breakdown of [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] and stimulates [blank_start]carbohydrate[blank_end] metabolism, enhances insulin-dependant entry of [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] into cells and increases [blank_start]gluconeogenesis[blank_end] and [blank_start]glycogenolysis[blank_end]. Overall it is trying to mobilise glucose and use it to produce [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] for these pumps that are being produced, meaning there is no overall increase in blood sugar.
- Adiffuse
- Btranscription
- Ctranscription
- Dprotein
- EmRNA
- Fsodium-potassium pumps
- Gminutes - days
- Hthyrotropin-releasing hormone
- Ithyroid-stimulating hormone
- Jbasal metabolic rate
- Kgrowth
- Lnervous system
- Malertness
- Nbody heat
- Ofat
- Pproteins
- Qcarbohydrate
- Rglucose
- Sgluconeogenesis
- Tglycogenolysis
- UATP
17[blank_start]calcium[blank_end] is required in our diet which is absorbed by the [blank_start]digestive tract[blank_end] into the plasma. This is filtered and reabsorbed by the [blank_start]kidneys[blank_end] into the plasma. During the day the plasma concentration fluctuates due to this as well as [blank_start]osteoblastic-osteoclastic[blank_end] activity in the bone which mobilises and stores [blank_start]calcium[blank_end]. The concentration of calcium is required to stay around [blank_start]8.5-11[blank_end]mg/dL for essential physiological functions like the [blank_start]contraction[blank_end] of muscles and the release of [blank_start]neurotransmitters[blank_end]. The hormones that regulate bone homeostasis is [blank_start]parathyroid hormone[blank_end], [blank_start]calcitriol[blank_end] and calcitonin. The parathyroid gland secretes [blank_start]parathyroid hormone[blank_end] which increases bone breakdown. In the kidneys, it increases the calcium [blank_start]reabsorption[blank_end] so that less leaves the body through urine. It also causes the kidney to convert [blank_start]vitamin D[blank_end] to [blank_start]calcitriol[blank_end] which increases the absorption of calcium in the intestine. Increasing the calcium concentration decreases the stimulus so that the parathyroid stops the release of [blank_start]parathyroid hormone[blank_end]. The [blank_start]calcitriol[blank_end] adds to the effects of the [blank_start]parathyroid hormone[blank_end] as well as affecting the intestine and it stops itself from being produced. [blank_start]Calcitonin[blank_end] can be given synthetically.
- Acalcium
- Bkidneys
- Cdigestive tract
- Dosteoblastic-osteoclastic
- Ecalcium
- F8.5-11
- Gcontraction
- Hneurotransmitters
- Iparathyroid hormone
- Jcalcitriol
- Kparathyroid hormone
- Lreabsorption
- Mvitamin D
- Ncalcitriol
- Oparathyroid hormone
- Pcalcitriol
- Qparathyroid hormone
- RCalcitonin
18 [blank_start]Noradrenaline[blank_end] is secreted as part of the sympathetic nervous system from neurons into the effector cells. [blank_start]Adrenaline[blank_end] can also be released from the preganglionic neuron synapsing in the adrenal medulla where [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end] (mostly) and [blank_start]noradrenaline[blank_end] will be released by the [blank_start]post[blank_end]ganglionic neuron into the bloodstream to the same target cells for an extended and [blank_start]sustained[blank_end] response. [blank_start]Adrenaline[blank_end] is water-soluble so its receptor is on the surface of the target cell causing the activation of a [blank_start]second messenger[blank_end] pathway. This can amplify the effect of one [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end] as a chemical cascade can occur. It is very [blank_start]fast[blank_end]. Stress will stimulate the hypothalamus to send action potentials down the sympathetic neurons to the [blank_start]adrenal medulla[blank_end] where [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end] will be secreted by another neuron. The metabolic effects are increasing the breakdown of [blank_start]glycogen[blank_end] and [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] in the muscles and liver and increasing the breakdown of [blank_start]fat[blank_end] into fat and fatty acids. This means there is enough blood glucose for the fuel needed to respond to that stressor. Anything not needed will be shut down and anything needed to remove yourself or fight for yourself will be activated.
- ANoradrenaline
- BAdrenaline
- Cadrenaline
- Dnoradrenaline
- Epost
- Fsustained
- GAdrenaline
- Hsecond messenger
- Iadrenaline
- Jfast
- Kadrenal medulla
- Ladrenaline
- Mglycogen
- Nglucose
- Ofat
19[blank_start]Cortisol[blank_end] which is made in the middle layer of the [blank_start]adrenal[blank_end] gland is a lipid-soluble hormone. This means the receptors are within the [blank_start]cytoplasm[blank_end] where [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end] can bind to the receptor, move into the nucleus and begin activating a specific sequence of DNA promoting [blank_start]transcription[blank_end]. This process is quite slow. [blank_start]Stress[blank_end] and low blood sugar (aka non-stress neural input) stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete [blank_start]corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)[blank_end]. This then causes the secretion of [blank_start]adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)[blank_end] in the anterior pituitary, which causes the adrenal cortex to produce [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end].
- ACortisol
- Badrenal
- Ccytoplasm
- Dcortisol
- Etranscription
- FStress
- Gcorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Hadrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Icortisol
20Cortisol increases protein/fat breakdown and decreases [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] uptake in muscle and fat. It also causes [blank_start]gluconeogenesis[blank_end] in the liver. It can help with stress, however, long term can suppress the [blank_start]immune system[blank_end] and it is essential for maintaining [blank_start]blood pressure[blank_end]. Cortisol release inhibits the release of the previous hormones only under [blank_start]non-stress[blank_end] stimuli. Otherwise, the [blank_start]stress[blank_end] stimuli must stop to end the stress response. Cortisol peaks in the [blank_start]morning[blank_end]. Overall cortisol increases blood glucose levels, increases the metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrates to make glucose, promotes anti-inflammatory actions, increases the [blank_start]blood pressure[blank_end] (to move the excess glucose), increases constriction of blood vessels to the surface, makes the heart beat with more force and activates the [blank_start]CNS[blank_end].
- Aglucose
- Bgluconeogenesis
- Cimmune system
- Dblood pressure
- Enon-stress
- Fstress
- Gmorning
- Hblood pressure
- ICNS
21Problems with hormone secretion can be described as [blank_start]hyposecretion[blank_end] (too little) or [blank_start]hypersecretion[blank_end] (too much). Hormone receptor problems can be [blank_start]hypersensitive[blank_end] (little response) or [blank_start]hypersensitive[blank_end] (response too much). This can be caused by an [blank_start]autoimmune[blank_end] disease that destroys receptors, a genetic [blank_start]mutation[blank_end] that can cause gain or loss of function or [blank_start]tumours[blank_end] which create excess cells to secrete hormone or squishes the other cells so that they cannot make the hormone.
- Ahyposecretion
- Bhypersecretion
- Chyposensitive
- Dhypersensitive
- Eautoimmune
- Fmutation
- Gtumours
22Addisons disease is a [blank_start]hyposecretion[blank_end] of [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end] due to an [blank_start]autoimmune[blank_end] disease or physical damage to the [blank_start]adrenal[blank_end] cortex. This means another hormone called [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end] isn’t made either. This means there is a lot of [blank_start]adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)[blank_end] which causes excess melanin synthesis. If we think about the usual function of [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end], we will see a lack will cause low [blank_start]blood pressure[blank_end] and weakness of muscles (there is a lack of fuel)
- Ahyposecretion
- Bcortisol
- Cautoimmune
- Dadrenal
- Ealdosterone
- Fadrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Gcortisol
- Hblood pressure
23Cushing’s disease is [blank_start]hypersecretion[blank_end] due to a [blank_start]tumour[blank_end]. As [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end] mobilises fat and proteins, fat will disperse itself in peculiar places such as the face or back. Other symptoms are high [blank_start]blood sugar[blank_end] and also muscle weakness, this time as the muscle is breaking down too much.
- Ahypersecretion
- Btumour
- Ccortisol
- Dblood sugar
24A stressor will cause the activation of the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end]. The adrenal medulla will release [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end] to increase [blank_start]blood glucose[blank_end], increase heart rate and increase [blank_start]blood pressure[blank_end]. The hypothalamus will also release [blank_start]corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)[blank_end] which causes the anterior pituitary to release [blank_start]adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)[blank_end] which stimulates the release of [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end] in the adrenal glands. This will cause an increase in [blank_start]blood glucose[blank_end] and [blank_start]blood pressure[blank_end]. This second pathway is [blank_start]slower[blank_end] than the first and only makes new [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] as the first will already have released glycogen). In the posterior pituitary [blank_start]antidiuretic hormone (ADH)[blank_end] is released to decrease water excretion, increase blood volume and increase blood pressure.
- Ahypothalamus
- Badrenaline
- Cblood glucose
- Dblood pressure
- Ecorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Fadrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Gcortisol
- Hblood glucose
- Iblood pressure
- Jslower
- Kglucose
- Lantidiuretic hormone (ADH)
25 Abnormal growth hormone levels can cause [blank_start]gigantism[blank_end] in excess and [blank_start]dwarfism[blank_end] with a deficiency. Other hormones are also involved in growth such as insulin, thyroid hormones and sex hormones.
- Agigantism
- Bdwarfism
26 Infantile hypothyroidism is [blank_start]hyposecretion[blank_end] of [blank_start]thyroid hormone[blank_end] due to an external factor due to the mother not having enough [blank_start]thyroid hormone[blank_end]/iodine in their diet causes low [blank_start]metabolic rate[blank_end], [blank_start]cold intolerance[blank_end] (energy cant be wasted), growth retardation and inhibition of brain development.
- Ahyposecretion
- Bthyroid hormone
- Cthyroid hormone
- Dmetabolic rate
- Ecold intolerance
27Iodine deficiency disorder is [blank_start]hyposecretion[blank_end] of [blank_start]thyroid hormone[blank_end] due to a grown individual not having enough [blank_start]iodine[blank_end] which means that [blank_start]thyroid hormone[blank_end] can not be made. [blank_start]Thyroid hormone[blank_end] is depleted and [blank_start]thyrotropin hormone (TRH)[blank_end] and [blank_start]thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)[blank_end] are secreted to make more which overstimulates the thyroid due to the loss of the negative feedback loop so it grows and swells. We have iodine in our salt and bread as there isn’t enough in the soil.
- Ahyposecretion
- Bthyroid hormone
- Ciodine
- Dthyroid hormone
- EThyroid hormone
- Fthyrotropin hormone (TRH)
- Gthyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
28Graves disease is [blank_start]hypersecretion[blank_end] of [blank_start]thyroid hormone[blank_end] due to an autoimmune disorder. Its symptoms have a [blank_start]high[blank_end] metabolic rate, weight loss, (need) [blank_start]heat intolerance[blank_end], increased heart rate, nervousness, hair loss, exophthalmos (eye bulge/twitch), [blank_start]thyroid[blank_end] swelling.
- Ahypersecretion
- Bthyroid hormone
- Chigh
- Dheat intolerance
- Ethyroid
29Hyperparathyroidism is [blank_start]hypersecretion[blank_end] of [blank_start]parathyroid hormone[blank_end] due to an increase in the parathyroid due to tumour. This causes bones to become [blank_start]soft[blank_end], deformed and [blank_start]fragile[blank_end], raises calcium levels in the blood and promotes the formation of [blank_start]kidney stones[blank_end] to remove that calcium. [blank_start]Hypercalcaemia[blank_end] causes nerve and muscle cells to be less responsible and excitable. Can lead to depression of the nervous system, emotional disturbances, [blank_start]muscle weakness[blank_end] and sluggish responses. Can lead to cardiac arrest due to elevated plasma levels. [blank_start]Hypocalcaemia[blank_end] causes [blank_start]increased[blank_end] excitability of the nervous system, muscle tremors, spasms and cramps (tetany). When low [blank_start]paraesthesia[blank_end] in the hands and face, muscle cramps and in some cases the larynx may contract tightly causing suffocation. This is caused by [blank_start]vitamin D[blank_end] deficiency, diarrhoea, thyroid tumours, underactive or removal of parathyroid glands or pregnancy and lactation (mother isn’t getting all the calcium).
- Ahypersecretion
- Bparathyroid hormone
- Csoft
- Dfragile
- Ekidney stones
- FHypercalcaemia
- Gmuscle weakness
- HHypocalcaemia
- Iincreased
- Jparaesthesia
- Kvitamin D
30Diabetes Mellitus (type 1 is [blank_start]hyposecretion[blank_end] and type 2 is [blank_start]hyposensitivity[blank_end] of insulin). Type 1 is caused by the destruction of beta cells by the [blank_start]immune system[blank_end] as this stops the release of insulin. The outcome is [blank_start]excess[blank_end] glucose in the urine, [blank_start]more[blank_end] urine, more thirst, heart problems and inflammation that can damage neurons and peripheral nerves and eye nerves. Synthetic insulin can be administered. Type 2 is due to the [blank_start]desensitisation[blank_end] of insulin receptors, commonly due to [blank_start]obesity[blank_end]. The symptoms are the same as both mean glucose cannot leave the blood. Changes in diet and [blank_start]exercise[blank_end] will mean the receptors work better. The response of the body to glucose (the [blank_start]glucose tolerance test[blank_end]), or long term exposure ([blank_start]HbA1C[blank_end] test). As glucagon is not the only hormone that influences gaining blood glucose, there are fewer related problems.
- Ahyposecretion
- Bhyposensitivity
- Cimmune system
- Dexcess
- Emore
- Fdesensitisation
- Gobesity
- Hexercise
- Iglucose tolerance test
- JHbA1C
Informações
- Descrição
- Health Science First Year HUBS 191 Quiz sobre Endocrine, criado por Makaela Fowlie em 20-05-2021.
- Autor
- Makaela Fowlie
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 3
- Etiquetas
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