Flashcards
International Migration
Flashcards do conjunto (22)
- 1How are the different types of UK migrants ranked in accordance to status?European Union /EEA/Swiss Migrants, Highly skilled & business migrants (Overseas), Family reunification migrants, Refugees, Temporary Workers, Domestic Workers, Asylum Seekers, Irregular migrants (or undocumented) & Human Trafficking; Prostitution & Forced Labor.
- 2What has been the main reasons for European migration?Colonialism, war & economic depression. Immigration to Europe (1950s – 1970s-80s) due to the aftermath of WWII, European countries opened the door to overseas immigration for economic reasons.
- 3What is the number of international migrants worldwide?It reached 258 million in 2017, up from 220 million in 2010 & 173 million in 2000.
- 4Where does most migration happen?Over 60% of all international migrants live in Asia (80 million) or Europe (78 million). Northern America hosted the third largest number of international migrants (58 million), followed by Africa (25 million), Latin America & the Caribbean (10 million)& Oceania (8 million).
- 5In which 20 countries did 2/3 of all international migrants live in 2017?The largest number of international migrants (50 million) resided in the United States of America. Saudi Arabia, Germany & the Russian Federation hosted the 2nd, 3rd & 4th largest numbers of migrants worldwide (around 12 million each), followed by the UK (nearly 9 million). In the UK, 3,5 million EU countries & 5,6 million non-EU countries.
- 6What did the Treaty of Rome (1957) set?Four fundamental freedoms in the EU; Freedom of Capital, Freedom of Goods, Freedom of Services, Freedom of Movement.
- 7What did the Treaty of Maastricht (1992) introduce?Citizenship of the European Union, EU citizenship is automatic & non-renounceable. The EU citizenship coexists with each individual national citizenship; providing social, economic& political rights.
- 8What happened at the 1951 Geneva Convention?All the EU Member States make a distinction between asylum seekers & refugees. An asylum seeker is a person submitting a request for refugee status. The asylum seeker is not granted refugee status unless the Member State decides they qualify, following a defined legal procedure.
- 9How many refugees and asylum seekers 016?were there in 2125.9 million. Turkey hosted the largest refugee population worldwide, with 3.1 million refugees & asylum seekers, followed by Jordan (2.9 million), the State of Palestine (2.2 million), Lebanon (1.6 million) & Pakistan (1.4 million).
- 10What are the types/causes of migration?Economic (low educated/skilled, middle-level & high educated/skilled professionals). Political (fleeing wars/ethnoreligious conflicts, political oppression). Educational (study abroad. Retirement (mostly middle-upper classes moving abroad). Human trafficking-criminal networks (sex & labour trafficking). Family reunification/marriage.
- 11What facilitates international migration?Rapid advances in transportation & communication technologies. Transnationalization of the economy (criminal activities). International treaties/agreements regarding cross-border travel.
- 12What are the two macro level theories of migration?Neoclassical economics: international migration is caused by geographic differences in the supply & demand for labour whereas workers from poorer countries move to countries with higher wages & employment. Segmented market theory: structural demand for cheap & flexible labour inherent in the economic structure of the highly developed industrial societies.
- 13What are the two micro level theories of migration?Rational choice model: individual rational actors decide to migrate because of a cost-benefit calculation leads them to expect a positive return, usually monetary. Decisions are made by larger units of related people (families or households) in which people act collectively to maximize expected returns from undertaken actions & to minimize risks.
- 14What is the concept of citizenship?It's central to the relations between individual & nation state, citizenship confers rights & duties. Citizenship is attached to the territorial nation state, except EU Citizenship. It guarantees access to health-care systems, education institutions & the welfare state. It relates to social integration & social solidarity.
- 15What is the traditional conception of cultural homogeneity?It's attached to the nation state. With migration & the growing presence of other cultures the combination of rights & identity as part of nationality is challenged.
- 16Why was multiculturalism & assimilationist policies developed?In response to migration & cultural diversity; it recognises the rights of peoples to retain their culture. With the aim of culturally integrating migrants into mainstream culture when some of their cultural traditions clash with mainstream cultural practices.
- 17What is Gilroy's concept of national belonging in Britain?It's based on race. Although there are black British citizens & they have full legal belonging, they are not seen as fully British. Mo Farrah is one of the greatest British Athletes in history, however he was born in Somalia & he was a refugee.
- 18How do nation states deal with anxieties about migrants integrating into mainstream society?They establish strict set of regulations to restrict migrants arriving, restrict legal paths to obtain citizenship & restrict access to welfare. Research on children of migrants (second generation) focus on issues such as second language acquisition, educational attainment, social mobility & cultural identity.
- 19What is the reading for this topic?Alba and Foner write about the anxieties faced by many about immigration and the rise of far-right politics in Europe and America.
- 20What did the Global Migration Trends Factsheet state?The year 2015 was also the deadliest year for migrants: increased levels of forced displacement globally were tragically accompanied by record-high numbers of people perishing or going missing while trying to cross international borders. Over 5,400 migrants worldwide are estimated to have died or gone missing in 2015.
- 21What are the push factors of international migration?Lack of services - Myanmar has only 6 doctors for every million citizens.
High crime - South Africa has the highest crime rate among countries with a population over 35 million.
Poverty - many African countries suffer from extreme poverty, Mozambique is the poorest country in the World.
War - in 2016 the UN identified 5 million externally displaced Syrian refugees.
Natural Disasters - Thailand tsunami 2004. - 22What are the pull factors of international migration?Higher employment - Hong Kong
Better services - the NHS is free in the UK. Good climate - many Brits move to Australia or Spain for the sun.
Safer, less crime - Iceland is consistently rated the safest country.
Political stability - a number of forced migrants escaped to the EU.
Education - UK & US universities are very popular.
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- The Sociological Imagination Yr 1 (Term 2) FlashCards sobre International Migration, criado por Miss Rogers em 21-02-2018.
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