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SBI4U – Unit 2 Review Practice Questions

Ayesha R Biology Inglês 58 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (58)

  1. 1Explain the relationship between potential energy and kinetic energy.Potential energy -> Stored energy
    Kinetic energy -> Energy of motion
  2. 2In your own words, describe the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways.Anabolic – reactions that build complex molecules (use energy)
    Catabolic – reactions that break down complex molecules (release energy)
  3. 3If the activation energy of a reaction is 1250 kJ/mol, and the energy released by the formation of products in the reaction is 1386 kJ/mol, what types of reaction has taken place?Endergonic reaction.
  4. 4Describe the structure of an ATP molecule.Three phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar molecule, which is attached to a molecule of adenosine.
  5. 5How does the structure of the ATP molecule relate to the large amounts of free energy it contains?The three phosphate groups have high energy bonds.
  6. 6Describe the process of ATP hydrolysis.• Water is added to ATP.
    • A phosphate group is removed from ATP and an –OH functional group attaches to it (called PI – inorganic phosphate)
    • There is also a H+ ion released into solution.
    • ADP is produced; free energy is released.
  7. 7Identify each of the following activities as either anabolic or catabolic: a. Protein synthesis b. Digestion c. DNA synthesis d. Photosynthesis e. Cellular respirationa. Anabolic
    b. Catabolic
    c. Anabolic
    d. Anabolic
    e. Catabolic
  8. 8What are the net reactants in glycolysis?Glucose; 2 ADP; 2 Pi; 2 NAD+
  9. 9What are the net products in glycolysis?2 pyruvate; 2 ATP; 2 NADH; 2 H+
  10. 10What occurs in the “glucose activation” phase of glycolysis?Two phosphate groups are transferred to glucose via phosphorylation where ATP is converted to ADP.
  11. 11What occurs in the “sugar-splitting” part of glycolysis?Fructose-1,6-biphosphate gets split into DHAP and G3P. DHAP then gets isomerized to G3P.
  12. 12What happens in the “oxidation” phase of glycolysis?G3P becomes oxidized using NAD+, which becomes NADH. It released energy, which is used to attach phosphates to the sugars.
  13. 13What happens in the “formation of ATP” phase of glycolysis?Phosphate groups of the molecule are transferred to ADP, creating ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation).
  14. 14The following enzymes are a part of glycolysis: Aldolase; Hexokinase; Phosphoglucose isomerase; Pyruvate kinase What's the order?Answer: 2, 3, 1, 4.
  15. 15What does the enzyme, aldolase, accomplish? A. Adds a phosphate group to ADP B. Converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate into DHAP and G3P C. Isomerizes DHAP into G3P D. Shifts a phosphate group from one carbon to anotherAnswer: B
  16. 16Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate using which enzyme? A. Aldolase B. Hexokinase C. Phosphoglucose isomerase D. Pyruvate kinaseAnswer: C
  17. 17Which enzyme converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate? A. Aldolase B. Hexokinase C. Phosphoglucose isomerase D. Pyruvate kinaseAnswer: B
  18. 18What does the enzyme, pyruvate kinase, accomplish? A. Converts 1,3-biphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate B. Converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate C. Converts phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate D. Converts phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvateAnswer: C
  19. 19Describe what happens (generally, no specifics) in each of the following types of enzymatic reactions: A. Redox B. Lysis C. Mutase D. Isomerization E. Phosphorylation F. Substrate-level phosphorylationA. Electrons are transferred.
    B. A molecule is split.
    C. Shifting a chemical group to another within the same molecule.
    D. Molecule is rearranged into its isomer.
    E. Transfer of a phosphate group.
    F. Phosphate group is transferred to ADP to form ATP.
  20. 201. The following molecules are part of glycolysis. List the order in which they occur. A. Fructose-6-phosphate B. Phosphoenolpyruvate C. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate D. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) E. Pyruvate F. Glucose-6-phosphate G. 3-Phosphoglycerate H. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) I. Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate J. Glucose K. 2-phosphoglycerateAnswer: 10,6,1,9,8,4,3,7,11,2,5
  21. 21What does an isomerase enzyme accomplish?A molecule rearranges into its isomer.
  22. 22What does a dehydrogenase enzyme accomplish?Removal of hydrogen.
  23. 23What does a kinase enzyme accomplish?Movement of phosphate group.
  24. 24What would happen if phosphoglucomutase did not function?Phosphate group would not shift to the 2nd carbon on the molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate.
  25. 25What would happen if triosephosphate dehydrogenase did not function?• G3P would not be oxidized.
    • NAD+ would not be reduced.
    • Phosphate would not be added to G3P
  26. 26What would happen if triosephosphate isomerase did not function?DHAP could not be isomerized to G3P.
  27. 27What would happen if enolase did not function?Electrons would not be transferred within 2-phosphoglycerate and water would not be removed.
  28. 28What would happen if phosphofructokinase did not function?A phosphate group could not be added to fructose-1,6-biphosphate.
  29. 29What would happen if phosphoglycerate kinase did not function?The phosphate group would not be removed from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to form ATP.
  30. 30Where does the citric acid cycle take place? Specifics?Mitochondria.
    • 7 steps occur in the mitochondrial matrix
    1 step occur on the mitochondrial membrane (matrix side)
  31. 31In cellular respiration, what phases occur before the citric acid cycle and what are the end products that enter the next stages?Glycolysis – results in 2 pyruvates; Pyruvate oxidation – results in 2 acetyl-CoA’s
  32. 32How is a 6-carbon molecule created at the beginning of the citric acid cycle?Acetyl-CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C)
  33. 33How many molecules of ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle?Per acetyl-CoA 1
    Per glucose 2
  34. 34How many NADH are produced in the citric acid cycle?Per acetyl-CoA 3
    Per glucose 6
  35. 35How many FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle?Per acetyl-CoA 1
    Per glucose 2
  36. 36How many CO2 molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle? What happens to the molecules?Per acetyl-CoA 2
    Per glucose 4
    2CO2 released as waste products.
  37. 37Why is the citric acid cycle, a cycle?Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA Citrate
    • The citrate is then eventually turned into oxaloacetate and the cycle repeats (acetyl-CoA enters the cycle) and the 6-carbon molecule (citrate) is formed again.
  38. 38What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle (per one turn of the cycle)?Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi 2CO2 + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + FADH2 + ATP + CoA
  39. 39What is the first protein complex that electrons pass through?NADH dehydrogenase
  40. 40What is the second protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+?• Succinate dehydrogenase
    • They are pumped into the intermembrane space
  41. 41What is the third protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+?• Cytochrome complex
    • They are pumped into the intermembrane space
  42. 42What is the fourth protein complex that electrons pass through? What happens to H+?• Cytochrome oxidase
    • They are pumped into the intermembrane space
  43. 43What molecule is the “final electron acceptor” in the chain? What molecule of waste is formed in this step?• O2
    • H2O
  44. 44What has been happening in the intermembrane space?H+ ions have accumulated
  45. 45Do the electrons in NADH have the most or the least free energy in the electron transport chain?Most free energy
  46. 46The electrons in NADH form bonds as they move through the electron transport chain. Do these bond formations use or release energy?Release energy as electrons from stronger and stronger bonds as they move throughout etc.,
  47. 47What important molecule is needed for oxidative phosphorylation but not needed for substrate level phosphorylation?Oxygen
  48. 48How does the electron transport chain produce ATP? What is the driving force?• Transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2
    • The chain has 4 protein complexes; with increasing electronegativity along the chain
    • Electron shuttles result in the movement of electrons between the protein complexes
    • Oxygen’s high electronegativity drives the ETC
    • It takes 2 electrons from complex IV (starts a chain reaction) and then electrons are passed from molecules that are less electronegative to molecules that are more electronegative.
  49. 49What is the primary function of the proton-motive force?• Making a concentration gradient and chemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane
    • It is a source of energy that can be used to do work. Cells use this force in the chemiosmosis process to make ATP
  50. 50What do you think happens to ATP after it has been formed in the mitochondria?Leaves the mitochondria via a channel protein to be used elsewhere in the cell.
  51. 51Compare aerobic respiration and fermentation in terms of the amount of ATP that can be generated from a single glucose molecule• Fermentation 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. ATP is only generated via glycolysis.
    Aerobic respiration produces a maximum of 38 ATP per molecule of glucose. Uses an electron transport chain.
  52. 52What is the difference between fermentation and glycolysis?The fermentation pathway includes additional reactions needed to regenerate the NAD+ that was reduced during glycolysis.
  53. 53Why do cells rely on fermentation rather than glycolysis alone?• If cells relief on glycolysis alone, they would quickly run out of NAD+, a necessary reactant in glycolysis.
    They rely on fermentation to regenerate the NAD+
  54. 54What anaerobic pathway is used to create a loaf of bread? How does this pathway work?• Alcohol fermentation
    • Pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 is formed) and forms acetaldehyde which oxidizes NADH and ethanol is produced
  55. 55Name two other products that use the same pathway (anaerobic)Cheese, wine, beer, sauerkraut, yogurt, spirits, and soy sauce.
  56. 56Do our muscle cells produce alcohol? Given that alcohol and lactate fermentation both yield 2 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule, do you think it would make any difference which pathway was used? Explain.• No, our muscle cells do not produce alcohol; instead they undergo lactate fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
    • Even though they produce the same number of ATP per molecule of glucose, alcohol is toxic.
    • Producing in large amounts during strenuous exercise would cause a variety of problems for the cell and for the organism as a whole.
  57. 57Identify some environments in which anaerobic respiration takes place.Wet environments such as swamps, wetlands, sediments, and water logged soils; our intestines; deep underground; and in landfills.
  58. 58Imagine that a muscle cell had a limited number of mitochondria but a very high oxygen supply. If this muscle cell were required to generate a great deal of power, do you think it would be benefit from lactate fermentation? Why or why not?• Yes, the muscle cell would benefit from lactic acid fermentation because even though it has excess oxygen it might not have enough electron transport chains to fully use all the oxygen.
    • Therefore, if the cell needed more ATP than the mitochondria could provide, it would be able to synthesize it with lactic acid fermentation.

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Biology FlashCards sobre SBI4U – Unit 2 Review Practice Questions, criado por Ayesha R em 27-03-2018.
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Ayesha R
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