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Flashcards

Dynamic Earth and Earthquakes

Olivia Gniadek Earth Systems Inglês 68 flashcards

Dynamic Earth and Earthquakes

Flashcards do conjunto (68)

  1. 1When did the universe beginAt the Big Bang
  2. 2How are stars formedAs the cloud collapses, a dense, hot core forms and gathers dust and gas.
    Not all the material ends up as a part of a star, it can become a planet, asteroid or dust
  3. 3What did Big Bang Nucleosynthesis form?Lighter Elements:
    Hydrogen
    Helium
    Lithium
    Beryllium
    Boron
  4. 4What elements formed from stellar nucleosynthesisHeavier Elements (Atomic numbers 6-26)
    Carbon to Iron
  5. 5What formed during a supernovaeElements with atomic numbers of over 26
    Heavier elements
    E.g. uranium
  6. 6What elements does small star nuclear fusion produceElements from Hydrogen to Carbon
  7. 7What do large stars do and what do they produceLarge stars burn out faster and they produce elements from Carbon to Iron
  8. 8What are the two groups of planetsTerrestrial
    Jovian
  9. 9Which planets are terrestrialMercury
    Venus
    Earth
    Mars
  10. 10Which planets are JovianJupiter
    Saturn
    Uranus
    Neptune
  11. 11Formation of the moonEarth and Theia collided
    Vaporised earth chunks thrown into space
    Gravity pulled particles together
    Created the moon
  12. 12What are comets made up ofIce fragments orbiting the sun
  13. 13What elements is the earth made up ofIron (Fe) = 35%
    Oxygen (O) = 30%
    Silicon (Si) = 15%
    Magnesium (Mg) = 10%
    Other 88 elements = 10%
  14. 14How do meteorites represent the elemental composition of earthMeteorites called chondrites give us the best estimate of the bulk composition of the earth
    Iron meteorites estimate the composition of the core
  15. 15What is a ChondritesA stony meteorite containing small mineral granules (chondrules)
  16. 16What do Iron meteorites provide us withInformation about the composition of the earth's core
  17. 17What is the difference between the relative and absolute timeRelative ages assign order to events
    Numerical ages assign exact dates to events
  18. 18What are some of the methods of defining the relative time between different geological systemsSUPERPOSITION OF ROCK UNITS
    FAUNAL SUCCESSION
    CROSSCUTTING RELATIONS
    INCLUSIONS OF OLDER ROCKS IN YOUNGER ONES
  19. 19What is an unconformityAn unconformity is a time gap in the rock record
    It could be due to:
    Non-deposition
    Or Erosion
  20. 20What are the three types of unconformitiesDisconformity
    Non-conformity
    Angular unconformity
  21. 21What is a DisconformityParallel strata bracketing non-deposition
    Due to an interruption in sedimentation
    May be difficult to recognize
  22. 22What is a non-conformityMetamorphic or igneous rocks overlain by sedimentary strata
    Crystalline igneous/metamorphic rocks were exposed by erosion
    Sediment was deposited on this eroded surface
  23. 23What is an angular unconformityRepresents a huge gulf in time
    Horizontal marine sediments deformed by orogenesis
    High mountains are eroded away to below sea level
    Sediments deposited horizontally on the erosion surface
  24. 24What are the main names of the EonsHadean: 4540
    Achaean: 4000
    Proterozoic: 2500
    Phanerozoic: 541-present
  25. 25What are the names of the ErasPaleozoic: 541 - 252
    Mesozoic: 252 - 66
    Cenozoic: 66 million years ago - present
  26. 26What are the names of the Periods oldestCambrian - 541
    Ordovician - 485
    Silurian - 444
    Devonian - 419
    Mississippian - 359
    Pennsylvanian - 323
    Permian - 299
    Triassic - 252
    Jurassic - 201
    Cretaceous - 145
    Paleogene - 66
    Neogene - 23
  27. 27Age of the EarthOver 4.5 billion years old
  28. 28What is the approximate geological history of earth280 million years (Australia split from Gondwana)
  29. 29What are the layers of the earth?What are the layers of the earth?
  30. 30What are the depths of each boundary of the earth's interiorCrust:
    3 km (Mid-ocean ridge)
    70 km (mountain ranges)
    Mantle = 2,885km
    Lithosphere = outermost 100/150 km of earth
    Outer Core = 2,255 km
    Inner Core = 1,220 km
  31. 31What is the difference between oceanic and continental crustsContinental crust lies under the continents
    Is 35-40 km thick
    Composed of granitic rocks
    1 km above sea level
    Oceanic Crust underlies the ocean basins
    Is 7-10 km thick
    Composed of basaltic rocks
    4km below sea level
  32. 32What is moho and the depths to MohoMohorovičić discontinuity
    The boundary between the Earth's crust & mantle.
    Lies at 35 km below continents
    About 7 km beneath the oceanic crust.
  33. 33What is the upper zone in the earth's interior and what's the composition of itMantle is divided up into upper and lower zones and are divided by transition zone
    Between a depth of 410 and 660 km
    the mantle and transition zone consist of peridotite, an ultramafic igneous rock
  34. 34What is the difference between rigid and elastic crustLithosphere bends elastically when loaded
    Asthenosphere flows plastically when loaded
  35. 35What is the outer core's composition in a liquid stateLiquid iron-nickel-sulphur
  36. 36Where does the magnetic field originate fromFlow in the outer core generates the magnetic field
  37. 37What is the composition of the inner coreSolid iron-nickel alloy
  38. 38What evidence do we have of continental drift"Fit" of the continents
    Locations of glaciations
    Fossil evidence
    Rock type and structural similarities
    Paleo-climatic evidence.
  39. 39How do magnetic anomalies provide evidence of seafloor spreadingTowed magnetometers measure ocean crust
    Magnetism oscillates perpendicular to the Mid Ocean Ridge
  40. 40What are plate tectonicsEarth's outer shell is broken into rigid plates that move
    Moving plates change the face of planet Earth
  41. 41How do we describe the distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes, fossils etcContinental Drift
  42. 42How many plates are there in the world and how fast do they move20 tectonic plates
    move at a rate of 1 to 15 cm/year
  43. 43How do divergent boundaries occur and how are they represented by volcanoes, earthquakes etcSea-floor spreading causes plates to move apart
    Magma wells up to fill the gap = volcano
    Magma cools, adding material to each plate
  44. 44how do convergent boundaries occur and how are they represented by earthquakes, volcanoesLithospheric plates move toward one another
    One plate dives back into the mantle (subduction)
    Subduction recycles oceanic lithosphere
  45. 45What are the differences between ocean-ocean, continent-continent and ocean-continent boundariesThe first two are convergent zones,
    when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate, the oceanic plate is forced underneath the continental plate because oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust
  46. 46How do transform boundaries occur and how are they represented by earthquakes, volcanoes etcLithosphere slides past; not created or destroyed
    Offset spreading ridge segments
    Some cut through continental crust
    Characterized by:
    Earthquakes
    Absence of volcanism
  47. 47What are some examples of convergent, divergent and transform plate movementTransform Boundaries
    e.g. San Andreas Fault
    Convergent boundaries
    e.g. Andes Mountain Range
    Divergent boundaries
    Mid-Atlantic Range
  48. 48What is a hot spotVolcanic plumes independent of tectonic plates
  49. 49How do hot spots show a path representing plate motionMafic magmas derived from the lower mantle
    Tattoo overriding plates with volcanoes
  50. 50How do earthquakes occurAlong faults
  51. 51What is hypocentreThe spot within the earth where earthquake waves originate
  52. 52What is epicentreLand surface above the hypocentre (focus)
  53. 53What is a reverse faultAlong a reverse fault one rocky block is pushed up relative to rock on the other side.What is a reverse fault
  54. 54What is a normal faultA normal fault drops the rock on one side of the fault down relative to the other side.What is a normal fault
  55. 55What is a thrust faultHanging wall goes up relative to footwall
    due to crust shortening
    Slope (dip) of fault is not sleep    What is a thrust fault
  56. 56What is a strike-slip faultScrape along side-by-side.
    Movement is horizontal
    Rock layers haven't been moved up or down on either side of the fault.    What is a strike-slip fault
  57. 57What are foreshocksA mild tremor preceding the violent shaking movement of an earthquake
  58. 58What are aftershocksA smaller earthquake following the main shock of a large earthquake
  59. 59What are the two types of earthquake scalesMagnitude: The Richter Scale
    Intensity: The Mercalli Scale
  60. 60What is a Mercalli scaleThe Mercalli scale measures the intensity of an earthquake by quantifying the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface
  61. 61What are the main plate boundary types at which earthquakes occurConvergent
    Divergent
    Transform
  62. 62Where do 5% of earthquakes occur5% of earthquakes occur in the intra-plate setting
    Volcanic activity that occurs within tectonic plates
  63. 63What types of damage can earthquakes causeFire
    Liquefaction
    Landslides
    Mudslides
    Avalanches
    Ground Displacement
    Flooding
  64. 64How can we predict earthquakesOn probability scales but not an absolute time scale
  65. 65How does a tsunami occurCaused by sudden movement of the ocean due to:
    Earthquakes
    Landslides on the sea floor
    Land slumping into the ocean
    Major volcanic eruptions
    Large meteorite impacts
  66. 66How does a tsunami propogate from the sourcegtbnr
  67. 67Explainhow and why
  68. 68DescribeWhat, what is happening, what do you see

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Descrição
Earth Systems FlashCards sobre Dynamic Earth and Earthquakes, criado por Olivia Gniadek em 19-04-2018.
Criado por
Olivia Gniadek
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