Flashcards
Chapter 4 - Tissues
Flashcards do conjunto (48)
- 1What are tissues?Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.
- 2What are the four main types of tissues and their overall roles?Epithelial - Covering
Connective - Support
Muscle - Movement
Nervous - Control - 3List 6-8 basic functions of epithelial tissue throughout the body1.) Covering and lining epithelium
2.) Covering and lining glandular epithelium
3.) Forms boundaries
4.) Protection (skin)
5.) Absorption
6.) Filtration
7.) Excretion
8.) Secretion (oil, sweat, mucus)
9.) Sensory reception
10.) Easily regenerable
11.) Digest - 4Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: CellularityEpithelial tissue is composed almost entirely of close-packed cells. Only a tiny amount of extracellular material lies in the narrow spaces between them
- 5Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: Specialized ContactsEpithelial cells fit close together to form continuous sheets. Adjacent cells are bound together at many points by lateral contacts, including tight junctions and desmosomes
- 6Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: PolarityFree edge - open to whatever
- 7Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: Polarity - Apical SurfaceA free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ, and an attached basal surface - exhibit polarity
- 8Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: Polarity - MicrovilliFingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that tremendously increase the exposed surface area.
- 9Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: Polarity - CiliaLine the trachea and are motile; propel substances along their free surface
- 10Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: Basement MembraneReinforces the epithelial sheet, helping it to resist stretching and tearing forces, and defines the epithelial boundary
- 11Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: AvascularMeans: contains no blood vessels. Epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue
- 12Explain briefly the following special characteristics of this tissue: RegenerationSome epithelia cells are exposed to friction and their surface cells are removed by abrasion. Others are damaged by hostile substances in the external environment (bacteria, acids, smoke). As long as epithelial cells require adequate nutrition, they can replace lost cells rapidly by cell division
- 13Each type of epithelium tissue is given two names. What is the difference between the two?Simple epithelia are composed of a single layer, are typically found where absorption and filtration occur and a thin epithelial barrier is desirable, whereas stratified epithelia consist of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other, are common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important
- 14Shape of Simple SquamousSingle layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
- 15Location of Simple SquamousKidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart; blood vessels; lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral boy cavity
- 16Shape of Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumOne layer on a base membrane
- 17Location of Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumKidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
- 18Shape of Simple ColumnarSingle layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands
- 19Location of Simple ColumnarDigestive tract, stomach, mucous membranes
- 20Shape of Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliumSingle layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
- 21Location of Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliumIn male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
- 22Location of Stratified SquamousNonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina, keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
- 23Location of Stratified ColumnarRare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
- 24Location of Transitional EpitheliumLines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra (Changes shape to allow stretching)
- 25What is glandular epithelium?Glandular epithelium are glands which consist of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product that is aqueous and usually contains proteins
- 26What are two categories of glands and examples of each?1.) The site of release which has endocrine glands (secrete ductless - directly into our body, digestive system) and exocrine glands (oil, sweat, mucus, saliva
2.) The relative number of cells forming the gland which are either unicellular or multicellular - 27Where is connective tissue found and what are four of its functions?Connective tissue is found everywhere in the body, but is most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues. Its major functions are binding and support, protection, insulation, and as blood, transportation of substances within the body (attaches body parts; protect; insulate; provide support; transportation)
- 28What is the benefit of the extracellular matrix?The nonliving extracellular matrix (non-moving support structure) separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue. Because of this matrix, connective tissue is able to bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure abuses, such as physical trauma and abrasion, that no other tissue would be able to tolerate
- 29Function of Areolar ConnectiveWraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
- 30Location of Areolar ConnectiveWidely distributed under epithelia of body e.g. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
- 31Function of Adipose ConnectiveProvides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs (fat)
- 32Location of Adipose ConnectiveUnder skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
- 33Function of Reticular ConnectiveFibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types (network of fibers)
- 34Location of Reticular ConnectiveLymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
- 35Function of Cartilage ConnectiveStands up to both tension and compression. Cartilage is avascular and lacks nerve fibers. Contains an exceptional amount of tissue fluid
- 36Location of Cartilage ConnectiveElastic cartilage - supports the external ear
Fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; discs of knee joint
Hyaline cartilage - forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavaties; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx - 37Function of Bone ConnectiveSupports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
- 38Location of Bone ConnectiveBone
- 39Function of Blood ConnectiveTransport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
- 40Location of Blood ConnectiveContained within blood vessels
- 41List and give the basic function of the three epithelial membranes1.) Cutaneous membrane: the skin, organ system consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium firmly attached to a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue
2.) Mucous membrane: line body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, often adapted for absorption and secretion
3.) serous membranes: enrich the fluid that filters from the capillaries in the associated connective tissue with hyaluronic acid. the serous fluid then lubricates the facing surfaces of the parietal and visceral layers, so that they slide across each other evenly - 42What are functions of nervous tissue in you body?Main component of the nervous system which regulates and controls body functions
- 43NeuronsHighly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. Typically are branching cells. Their cytoplasmic extensions, or processes, allow them to transmit electrical impulses over substantial distances within the body
- 44Supporting CellsNonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons
- 45Name the three types of muscle tissue, what they do, and where they are found.1.) Skeletal muscle: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Located in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
2.) Cardiac Muscle: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Located in the walls of the heart
3.) Smooth muscle: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Located mostly in the walls of hollow organs - 46Explain the two ways muscle tissues can repair.Regeneration which is the replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue whereas fibrosis involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue
- 47How does granulation tissue repair a wound, and why should you not pick at a scab?Granulation tissue contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed. These capillaries are fragile and bleed freely. This is why you should not pick at a scab.
- 48Why might scar tissue allow an area of your body to not function properly?Scar tissue is very strong, but lacks the flexibility and elasticity of most normal tissues. Also, it cannot perform the normal functions of the tissue it has replaced
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- Anatomy FlashCards sobre Chapter 4 - Tissues, criado por Julie Sizer em 06-11-2018.
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- Julie Sizer
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