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Flashcards

Human Physiology

Cathy Vu Inglês 36 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (36)

  1. 1Autonomic pathways generally have 2 neurons in length. Name them.1. Preganglionic
    2. Postganglionic
    ** connect at autonomic ganglion
  2. 2What is the sympathetic pathway?1. Preganglionic neuron (thoracic or lumbar)
    2. Sympathetic chain or collateral ganglion
    3. Postganglionic neuron
    4. Effector organ
  3. 3What is the parasympathetic pathway?1. Preganglionic neuron (brain or sacral)
    2. Parasympathetic ganglion
    3. Postganglionic neuron
    4. Effector organ
  4. 4Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Is it involuntary or voluntary?Involuntary
  5. 5The ANS innervates all effector organs except ____________.Skeletal muscles
  6. 6Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) What are the subdivisions?1. Sympathetic (thoraco-lumbar)
    2. Parasympathetic (cranio-sacral)
  7. 7Sympathetic VS Parasympathetic1. Act in opposition to each other
    2. Dual innervation: organs innervated by both subdivision
  8. 8Sympathetic Nervous System (Radial) Explain the steps starting from thoraco-lumbar. When is it active? What are the results?Thoraco-lumbar: CNS --> Effectors through thoracic or lumbar portion of the spinal cord.
    Active during activity and stress. "Fight or flight"
    Results:
    -Decrease GI activity
    - Increase heart rate and blood pressure
    - Pupillary dilation
    - Mobilize energy storage
  9. 9Parasympathetic Nervous System (Circular) Explain the steps starting from cranic-sacral. When is it active? What are the results?Cranic-sacral to CNS --> Effector through brain or sacral portion of the spinal cord.
    Active during quiet relaxed states "Rest and digest"
    Results:
    - Increase in GI activities
    - Decrease heart rate and blood pressure
    - Pupillary constriction
  10. 10Neurotransmitters are secreted by ____________.Target cells
  11. 11Types of neurotransmitters.1. Norepinephrine (sympathetic)
    2. Acetylcholine (ACH) (parasympathetic)
  12. 12Neurons: Preganglionic: 1- Cholinergic secretes __________. Postganglionic: Sympathetic 2- Adrenergic secretes __________. 3. Parasympathetic: 3- Cholinergic secretes _________.1. ACH
    2. Norepinephrine
    3. ACH
  13. 13What are the classes of receptors?1. Adrenergic
    2. Cholinergic
  14. 14What does adrenergic respond to?Norepinephrine
  15. 15What are the characteristics of alpha adrenergic?- Most common
    - Usually excitatory
    - Greater affinity to norepinephrine than epinephrine
  16. 16What are the characteristics of beta adrenergic?- G-Protein system --> increase cAMP
    - Can be activated by both norepinephrine and epinephrine
  17. 17What are the subclasses of cholinergic?1. Nicotinic
    2. Muscarinic
  18. 18Nicotinic cholinergic: Location & functionLOCATION:
    - Postganglionic dendrites and cell bodies
    - Adrenal medulla
    - Skeletal muscles (somatic)
    FUNCTION:
    - Open NA+ or K+ channels
  19. 19Muscarinic Cholinergic: Location & functionLOCATION:
    Effector organ or parasympathetic
    FUNCTION:
    G-protein system, open & close ion channels
  20. 20Somatic Nervous System Is it involuntary or voluntary?Voluntary
  21. 21The Somatic nervous system innervates ____________.Skeletal muscle
  22. 22In Somatic nervous system, 1 neuron is between ____________ & _____________.CNS & Effector organ
  23. 23Motor neuron releases __________.ACH
  24. 24Name and brief description of the structure of skeletal muscle. Explain its function.Tendon: connective tissue to bone
    Body: generate force by contracting
    - Movement via contraction
  25. 25Description of the skeletal muscle anatomy.Bundles of fascicles encased in epimysium (connective tissue)
    Fascicles: bundle of muscle fibers encased in perimysium (CT)
    Muscle Fiber: muscle cells surrounded by endomysium (CT)
  26. 26The structure of muscle fibers. (size, surrounded by, composed of)Size: long, length of muscle itself
    Surrounded by: sarcolemma (cell membrane) containing T-tubules.
    Composed of: myofibrils
  27. 27What are T-tubules?Continuous with sarcolemma dips into cell interior
  28. 28Describe the structure of myofibrils. (structure, surrounded by, composed of)Structure: rod-like
    Surrounded by: sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): ER, stores and release Ca2+ into cytosol. Number can change with cell use.
    Composed of: contractile filaments
  29. 29Contractile Filaments are arranged to form _______________.Sarcomere
  30. 30What is a sarcomere? What are the types of sarcomere?Repeating functional contractile units.
    1. Thin 2. Thick
  31. 31What are thin filaments composed of?1. G-actin
    2. Tropomyosin
    3. Troponin
  32. 32What is G-actin?Protein with myosin binding sites (bind to thick filament)
  33. 33What is Tropomyosin?Protein that controls interaction with thick filament.
    How?
    - can block binding sites
  34. 34What is Troponin?- Moves tropomyosin off myosin in binding sites during muscle stimulus.
    How?
    - Ca2+ binds to troponin --> moves tropomyosin
  35. 35What are thick filaments composed of?Myosin proteins (heads and tails)
  36. 36What is titan?elastic protein allowing for stretch and recoil

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FlashCards sobre Human Physiology , criado por Cathy Vu em 10-11-2014.
Criado por
Cathy Vu
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