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Human Physiology
Fichas del conjunto (36)
- 1Autonomic pathways generally have 2 neurons in length. Name them.1. Preganglionic
2. Postganglionic
** connect at autonomic ganglion - 2What is the sympathetic pathway?1. Preganglionic neuron (thoracic or lumbar)
2. Sympathetic chain or collateral ganglion
3. Postganglionic neuron
4. Effector organ - 3What is the parasympathetic pathway?1. Preganglionic neuron (brain or sacral)
2. Parasympathetic ganglion
3. Postganglionic neuron
4. Effector organ - 4Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Is it involuntary or voluntary?Involuntary
- 5The ANS innervates all effector organs except ____________.Skeletal muscles
- 6Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) What are the subdivisions?1. Sympathetic (thoraco-lumbar)
2. Parasympathetic (cranio-sacral) - 7Sympathetic VS Parasympathetic1. Act in opposition to each other
2. Dual innervation: organs innervated by both subdivision - 8Sympathetic Nervous System (Radial) Explain the steps starting from thoraco-lumbar. When is it active? What are the results?Thoraco-lumbar: CNS --> Effectors through thoracic or lumbar portion of the spinal cord.
Active during activity and stress. "Fight or flight"
Results:
-Decrease GI activity
- Increase heart rate and blood pressure
- Pupillary dilation
- Mobilize energy storage - 9Parasympathetic Nervous System (Circular) Explain the steps starting from cranic-sacral. When is it active? What are the results?Cranic-sacral to CNS --> Effector through brain or sacral portion of the spinal cord.
Active during quiet relaxed states "Rest and digest"
Results:
- Increase in GI activities
- Decrease heart rate and blood pressure
- Pupillary constriction - 10Neurotransmitters are secreted by ____________.Target cells
- 11Types of neurotransmitters.1. Norepinephrine (sympathetic)
2. Acetylcholine (ACH) (parasympathetic) - 12Neurons: Preganglionic: 1- Cholinergic secretes __________. Postganglionic: Sympathetic 2- Adrenergic secretes __________. 3. Parasympathetic: 3- Cholinergic secretes _________.1. ACH
2. Norepinephrine
3. ACH - 13What are the classes of receptors?1. Adrenergic
2. Cholinergic - 14What does adrenergic respond to?Norepinephrine
- 15What are the characteristics of alpha adrenergic?- Most common
- Usually excitatory
- Greater affinity to norepinephrine than epinephrine - 16What are the characteristics of beta adrenergic?- G-Protein system --> increase cAMP
- Can be activated by both norepinephrine and epinephrine - 17What are the subclasses of cholinergic?1. Nicotinic
2. Muscarinic - 18Nicotinic cholinergic: Location & functionLOCATION:
- Postganglionic dendrites and cell bodies
- Adrenal medulla
- Skeletal muscles (somatic)
FUNCTION:
- Open NA+ or K+ channels - 19Muscarinic Cholinergic: Location & functionLOCATION:
Effector organ or parasympathetic
FUNCTION:
G-protein system, open & close ion channels - 20Somatic Nervous System Is it involuntary or voluntary?Voluntary
- 21The Somatic nervous system innervates ____________.Skeletal muscle
- 22In Somatic nervous system, 1 neuron is between ____________ & _____________.CNS & Effector organ
- 23Motor neuron releases __________.ACH
- 24Name and brief description of the structure of skeletal muscle. Explain its function.Tendon: connective tissue to bone
Body: generate force by contracting
- Movement via contraction - 25Description of the skeletal muscle anatomy.Bundles of fascicles encased in epimysium (connective tissue)
Fascicles: bundle of muscle fibers encased in perimysium (CT)
Muscle Fiber: muscle cells surrounded by endomysium (CT) - 26The structure of muscle fibers. (size, surrounded by, composed of)Size: long, length of muscle itself
Surrounded by: sarcolemma (cell membrane) containing T-tubules.
Composed of: myofibrils - 27What are T-tubules?Continuous with sarcolemma dips into cell interior
- 28Describe the structure of myofibrils. (structure, surrounded by, composed of)Structure: rod-like
Surrounded by: sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): ER, stores and release Ca2+ into cytosol. Number can change with cell use.
Composed of: contractile filaments - 29Contractile Filaments are arranged to form _______________.Sarcomere
- 30What is a sarcomere? What are the types of sarcomere?Repeating functional contractile units.
1. Thin 2. Thick - 31What are thin filaments composed of?1. G-actin
2. Tropomyosin
3. Troponin - 32What is G-actin?Protein with myosin binding sites (bind to thick filament)
- 33What is Tropomyosin?Protein that controls interaction with thick filament.
How?
- can block binding sites - 34What is Troponin?- Moves tropomyosin off myosin in binding sites during muscle stimulus.
How?
- Ca2+ binds to troponin --> moves tropomyosin - 35What are thick filaments composed of?Myosin proteins (heads and tails)
- 36What is titan?elastic protein allowing for stretch and recoil
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- Fichas sobre Human Physiology , creado por Cathy Vu el 10/11/2014.
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- Cathy Vu
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