Flashcards
Perception, Attribution and Diversity
Flashcards do conjunto (39)
- 1What is perception?The process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment
- 2What are the 3 key concepts in perception?1. Perceiver (perceivers experience, needs and emotion can affect the perception of the target)
2. Target (perception involves interpretation of the target)
3. Situation (Context, example: timing, can affect what one perceives) - 3What are 2 key aspects of the social identity theory?1. People (perceivers) form perception of themselves (target) based on their characteristics and memberships in social categories (situations)
2. People (perceivers) form perceptions of others (target) based on their memberships in social categories (situations) - 4What are the 4 steps how we perceive ourselves in the social identity theory?1. Personal identity is based on our unique characteristics
2.Social identity is based on our perception that we belong to various social groups
3. Personal identity helps us answer the question "who am I?"
4. Once categorized, we perceive ourselves and others as embodying the most typical attributes of a category or what are called "prototypes" - 5What are the 5 steps in the perceptual process?1. Environmental stimuli
2. Observation (feeling, hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting)
3. Perceptual selection
4. Perceptual organization/construction
5. Interpretation - 6What is considered to be "environmental stimuli" from the perceptual process?Sensory overload can occur when there are too many stimuli for a person to process
- 7What is the difficulty behind the "perceptual selection" step in the perceptual process?Since only some of the stimuli in the environment are sensed, perceptual selection limits what will be processed
1. External factors (example: size, intensity, contrast)
2. Internal factors (example: familiarity, source-credibility) - 8What are the 6 concepts of Bruner's model of perceptual process?1. Unfamiliar target encountered (new coworker)
2. Openness to target cues (search for info.)
3. Familiar cues encountered (coworker is Stanford grad)
4.Target categorized ("good man" with "good potential")
5. Cue selectivity (performance is ignored)
6. Categorized strengthened ( coworker is still "good man" with "good potential" - 9What are the 5 perceptual errors?1. Primacy
2. Recency
3. Reliance on central traits
4. Implicit personality theories
5. Sterotyping - 10What is primacy?Primacy is a first impression
- 11What is recency?Recency is the most recent information dominates perceptions
- 12What is the reliance on central traits?Reliance on central traits is where personal characteristics of a target person that are of interest to a perceiver
- 13What is implicit personality theories?Implicit personality theories are personal theories that people have about which personality characteristics go together
- 14What is stereotyping?Stereotyping is the tendency to generalize about people in a social category and ignore variations among them
- 15What are 3 more perceptual biases that are attached to stereotyping?1. We distinguish some category of people
2. We assume that the individuals in this category have certain traits
3. We perceive that everyone in this category possess these traits but ignore variations - 16What is diversity?Diversity is the differences among recruits and employees in characteristics such as gender, race, age religion, cultural background, physical ability and sexual orientation
- 17What are 3 stereotypes that hinder diversity in a workplace greatly?1. Gender (nature: managerial characteristics/ female occupations)
2. Age (nature: capacity for performance and potential for development)
3. Race and Ethnicity (nature: ability and performance) - 18What are 6 arguments towards diversity in the workforce?1.Cost argument
2. Resource acquisition argument
3. Marketing argument
4. Creativity argument
5. Probelm solving argument
6. System flexibility argument - 19What is the cost argument?As organizations become more diverse, the cost of poor job in integrating workers will increase
- 20What is the resource acquisition argument?Companies develop reputations on favourability as prospective employers for women and ethnic minorities. Those with the best reputation for managing diversity will win the competition for the best personnel
- 21What is the marketing argument?For multination organizations, the insight and cultural sensitivity that members with roots in other countries bring the marketing effort should improve these efforts in important ways
- 22What is the creativity argument?Diversity of perspectives and less emphasis on conformity to the norms of the past should improve the level of creativity
- 23What is the problem solving argument?Heterogeneity in decision and problem solving groups potentially produces better decisions through a wider range of perspectives
- 24What is the system flexibility argument?An implication of the multicultural model for managing diversity is that the system will become less standardized, determinant and therefore more fluid. The increase fluidity should create greater flexibility to react to environmental changes
- 25What arguments are against diversity?1. Cost agrument
- 26What arguments are for diversity?1. Resource acquisition argument
2. Marketing argument
3. Creativity argument
4. Problem solving argument
5. System flexibility argument - 27What is attribution?The process by which causes or motives are assigned to explain people's behaviours
- 28What are the 2 different types of attribution?1. Internal attribution (Dispositional attributions): Perception that outcomes are due to personality or intellect rather than situation or environment
2. External attributions (Situational attribution): Perception that outcomes are due to situation or environment rather than the person - 29What are the 3 attribution cues?1. Consistency cue
2. Consensus cue
3. Distinctiveness cue - 30What are the 3 biases in attribution?1. Fundamental attribution error
2. Actor-observer effect
3. Self-serving bias - 31What is the fundamental attribution bias?Tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanations for behaviours at the expense of situational explanations
- 32What is the actor-observer attribution bias?Propensity for actors and observers to view the causes of the actors behaviour differently
- 33What is the self-serving attribution bias?Tendency to take credit for successful outcomes and to deny responsibility for failures
- 34What are the 5 basic biases of in person perception?1. Primacy and recency effects
2. Contrast effects
3. Reliance on central traits
4. Implicit personality theories
5. Projection - 35Interviewers tend to do what? (2 factors)1. Compare applicants with the stereotype of the ideal applicant
2. the tendency to exhibit primacy reactions - 36What are the 3 rater errors?1. Leniency: tendency to perceive the job performance of rates as especially good
2. Harshness: tendency to perceive the job performance of rates as especially ineffective
3. Central Tendency: tendency to assign most ratees to middle range job performance categories - 37What is the halo effect?The rating of an individual on one trait or characteristic tends to colour ratings on other traits or characteristics
- 38What is the similar-to-me effect?A rater gives more favourable evaluations to people who are similar to the rater in terms of background or attitudes
- 39What are 4 ways to improve interview validity?1. Interviewer questions should be job related and standardized across applicants
2. Answers to questions scored immediately
3. Scoring guides be used
4. Scored for answers to individual questions be summed or averaged
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- Organizational Behaviour FlashCards sobre Perception, Attribution and Diversity, criado por Mariah Kampman em 24-02-2019.
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- Mariah Kampman
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