Flashcards
Eating Behaviour
Flashcards do conjunto (38)
- 1Factor influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviors: CultureThere are significant differences in diet across the world
In western societies there is usually an abundance of food and people can be choosy over what they decide to eat.
Different dietary pattens can be seen within the same cultures (insta-cultural differences)
These differences are mainly due to the availability of foodstuffs but can also reflect cultural influences of food - 2Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviours: Culture StudiesWARDLE ET AL: surveyed the diets of 16,000 young adults across 21 European countries. There were significant differences between countries
~Individuals in England and Scotland eat the least amount of fruit
~Swedish and Norwegian young adults ate the most fibre
~Individuals in Poland and Portugal had the highest salt intake
LESCHEM: Studied Bedouin Arab women who lived in the desert and in urban settings. Compared with Jewish women who lived in urban environments.
~Diets between Bedouins barely different but significantly different from Jewish women
~Bedouins had higher intake of energy and salt
~Suggests that cultural influences on diet are profound - 3Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviour: MoodGIBSON: found that in times of stress people are likely to eat more carbohydrates. Carbohydrate heavy foods provide us with energy and give us a temporary boost to our mood
Serotonin hypothesis: carbohydrates contain tryptophan which increases levels of serotonin in the brain. However, we are unlikely to get enough to actually influence our mood - 4Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviour: Mood StudyGARGE: observed 38 participants as they watched either a sad or upbeat film. He offered them either buttery popcorn or grapes and found that those watching the sad film are 36% more popcorn and far fewer grapes than those watching the happy film
~This suggests a link between mood and comfort eating as we look to alleviate a bad mood by consuming food. - 5Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviours: Health concernsIncreasing concern over diet and health. Obesity is increasing and there is a growing awareness of the importance of eating more fruit and vegetables
- 6Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviours: Health concerns studyOGDEN: Women change their diets and the diets of the children if concerned about their health
- 7Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviours: ParentsSocial learning theory (SLT) says that our behaviour is learnt through observing those around us, so our eating behaviour is determined by the behaviour of people we know
Parental modelling: parent's control the food children eat for most of their childhood, so can directly control the eating behaviour - 8Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviours: Parents studyBROWN AND OGDEN: found correlations between parents and their children in terms of the amount of snacks eaten, eating motivations and body dissatisfaction
~This suggests that children learn attitudes towards food as well as just being told what they can eat - 9Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviours: MediaMACINTYRE: found that the media has a major impact on both out attitudes to food and what we eat
This suggest that the media can influence the eating behaviour of the audience through SLT
However, MacIntyre also stated that how much we are influenced is determined by many other factors, for example age, income and your background - 10Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviours: Media StudyBECKER: Fiji experiment
- 11Factors influencing attitudes to food and eating behaviours: Evaluation~Cross cultural research allows us insight into how culture affects our eating behaviours. Large scale studies give us the best insight e.g. Wardle
~Research to support the role of food is somewhat limited, scientific evidence suggests that there is enough tryptophan in carbs to increase our mood which weakens the explanation
~Quite difficult to measure health concerns, participants likely to give answers which they think are needed rather than the truth. Leads to a lack of reliability
~Very difficult to say which factors actually influence our attitudes to food and eating behaviour as there are so many and these are often interlinked
~Eating behaviours will depend on a number of different factors e.g. early experience, availability plus biological requirements
~Majority of explanations ignore out biological requirements/drives to eat specific foods and therefore the explanations are partially reductionist - 12Explanation of dieting: SuccessHERMAN AND POLIVY: Boundary Model
~Diets work if dieter stays within a sensible boundary.
~High-restraint dieters will limit themselves too much and still be hungry as their psychological boundary is nowhere near their cognitive boundary
~As soon as they step over this boundary they will overeat, leading to a consumption of calories and ultimately weight gain
Diets will also work if there is motivation to do so e.g. a goal such as as a special day to work towards - 13Explanation of dieting: Success studyMann: diets do not work as people cannot maintain their weight loss
Ogden and Hill: Interviewed people who had successfully maintained weight loss. They found that weight loss was generally triggered by a meaningful life event such as divorce, getting married, illness or a special birthday. An initial change in diet is likely to become a sustained behaviour if the individuals feels as though they have to keep it up or cannot return to their previous behaviour (due to health concerns etc.)
Herman and Mack: restrained eaters will experience the "what the hell" effect if they eat past their cognitive boundary. Sticking to one's boundary should therefore reduce overeating and lead to weight loss - 14Explanation of dieting: FailureHERMAN AND POLIVY: Boundary Model
Once being pushed past the cognitive boundary, restrained eaters will not see the point in stopping and will continue to eat until their psychological boundary leading to weight gain and diet failure - 15Explanation of dieting: Failure studyHERMAN AND MACK:
~45 female students assigned to 3 conditions
~Group 1: 15 participants given no preload (milkshake)
~Group 2: 15 participants given 1 preload
~Group 3: 15 participants given 2 preloads
~Participants were asked to rate the taste qualities of the milkshakes
~All participants then given 3 tubs of ice cream and told they could eat as much as they wanted
~All participants were also given a questionnaire to assess their dieting
~Low restraint participants in all conditions ate less ice cream
~High restraint participants ate more ice cream than those in the zero preload condition, displayed the "what the hell" effect - 16Neural mechanisms involved in the controlling of eating behaviour: Lateral hypothalamusThe role of the lateral hypothalamus (involving in starting eating) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (stopping eating). Damage to either of these results in dysfunctional and uncontrollable eating behaviour
- 17Neural mechanisms involved in the controlling of eating behaviour: GhrelinGhrelin is a hormone which sends signals to the hypothalamus from the stomach. High levels of ghrelin send a signal to the lateral hypothalamus to start eating.
Low levels send a signal to the ventromedial hypothalamus to stop
Once food has been digested and passed from the stomach to the duodenum, CCK is released which sends signals to the hypothalamus to signal satiety - 18Neural mechanisms involved in the controlling of eating behaviour: AdipocytesAdipocytes are fat cells. Our food intake is regulated over time so that we maintain a constant body weight. The hormone leptin is released from our fat cells into the blood stream and travels to the hypothalamus where it acts as a satiety signal.
More fat stored = more leptin released =hypothalamus stimulated to reduce food intake - 19Neural mechanisms involved in the controlling of eating behaviour: studiesANAND AND BROBECK: lateral hypothalamus is the satiety centre. We don't eat if this area is damaged
HETHERINGTON AND RANSON: made lesions to the ventromedial hypothalamus in rats. The rats didn't stop eating and quickly became obese
CUMMINGS: studied 6 male participants who were given lunch then had blood samples to measure levels of ghrelin every 5 minutes as well as assessments of hunger every 30 minutes. Ghrelin levels lowest around 70 minutes after eating and rose until participants requested evening meals
SMITH ET AL: Injections of CCK in both humans and animals have been found to reduce meal size
CARLSON: injections of leptin into mice deficient in this hormone stops then eating too much and return their weight to normal (being overweight caused by missing leptin hormone.) - 20Neural mechanisms involved in the controlling of eating behaviour: EvaluationBiological approach: cannot provide a full explanation as it ignores the role of nurture
Reductionism: biological explanation only focuses on limited factors which can be used to explain eating behaviour. Pays no attention to psychological, social and cultural factors that influence our eating
Deterministic: damage to LH, VMH or lack leptin will cause disordered eating
Scientific evidence: support the research making the assumption more reliable and valid
Much research done on animals which are difficult to generalise from. There are likely to be subtle differences in the control of feeding between human and animals - 21Evolutionary explanation of food preferencesTaste receptors (buds) are specialised to identify 5 key tastes: sweet, sour, salt, bitter and umami
Humans have evolved to have a long duodenum and small intestines so that we can digest and absorb protein
We have evolved with specific behaviours in order to maximise our survival, these include: Taste aversion, morning sickness/the embryo protection hypothesis and food neophobia - 22Evolutionary explanation of food preferences: Taste Aversion LearningAvoiding food that once made us sick, keeps us alive. It is highly specific and extremely intense. Just one bad experience will affect our behaviour for months
GARCIA: made wolves sick with lamb meat which was contaminated with poison wrapped in sheepskin. The wolves afterward approached live sheep and sniff but then leave them alone - 23Evolutionary explanation of food preferences: the embryo hypothesis/morning sicknessWomen avoid food which pose the most risk to their unborn baby. Vomiting prevents toxins entering the body and harming the baby
BUSS: Women consistently avoid foods such as coffee, tea and alcohol, meat and eggs which pose a threat to the baby in the early weeks of pregnancy - 24Evolutionary explanation of food preferences: Food NeophobiaFear of new foods protect us from many foods which might be harmful
FROST: We tend to show greater liking for foods as they become more familiar to us - 25Evolutionary explanation of food preferences: Evaluation~Fossil evidence supports the theory that we have developed specialised digestive systems in order to consume more protein: increases the scientific validity of the explanation
~However, we cannot travel back in time and test this explanation, therefore reducing its scientific value
~Face validity: explanation can explain many of our current food preferences today and explain reasons for obesity
~Takes a biological approach and is therefore also reductionist: evolutionary explanation does not take into account cultural transmissions of behaviour related to food. No emphasis on availability of food
~We no longer behave as hunter gathers and this reduces this explanation further - 26Psychological explanation for anorexia nervosa (AN)AN has been around since the 12th century. It is not a culture-bound disorder as it is found in all cultures, even those which are not influenced by the west. There is more cases of AN documented in Western cultures
- 27Psychological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Behavioural ApproachSocial learning plays a large part in the development of eating disorders.
The approach argues that women observe role models on television and replicate the behaviour in order to be like them (Social learning theory)
Weight loss is rewarded with positive comment (operant conditioning) and the cycle continues
This approach argues that women associate thinness with success and the benefits which come with this (classical conditioning) - 28Psychological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Behavioural approach studiesSTRIGEL-MORRE AND BULIK: believe that the media idolises standards of female beauty (including slimness). This creates tension between the real and ideal self leading to dissatisfaction with body image and an eating disorder
GROESZ: meta review of 25 AN studies and found that body dissatisfaction significantly increased after media images of thin women
BECKER: Fiji study. Eating disorders were absent in Fiji before the introduction of TV and exposure to the Western influences. After 5 ears there were a significant number of women with AN and BN - 29Psychological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Psychodynamic approachAN is an attempt by the individual to exert some control over their lives. Controlling one's food helps the individual to increase their self efficiency and make them autonomous.
The explanation also believes that children do not want to grow up so will cling onto whatever can keep them young e.g. starving to keep themselves in a child like body - 30Psychological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Psychodynamic approach studyCRISP: self starvation and the loss of bod weight leads to amenorrhoea. A lack of periods leaves the girl in a pre pubescent state, this postponing the onset of adulthood
- 31Psychological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Evaluation~Nurture over nature
~Research accounts for the role of free will e.g. Striegel moore and Bulik do not say that the girls will develop AN, only some
~Face validity: psychological explanations make logical sense. Eating disorders are more prevalent where western media is involved
~Any psychological approach ignores the role of biology and whilst it cannot be argued that the behaviourist and psychodynamic approaches are reductionist, they do fail to take into account the important role of nature and therefore of cannot be considered to be a holistic explanation of eating disorders
~There are lots of different approaches, taking an integrative approach would be the best way to explain AN as no psychological explanation is able to do this fully
~Cause and effect is difficult to establish: Becker's study was a natural experiment, making it likely that other variables were involved. Crisp's research could be argued to be more subjective than scientific - 32Biological approach to Anorexia Nervosa (AN): Evolutionary explanationAn is refection of behaviour that were adaptive in the EEA.
Characteristics of AN such as denial of hunger, restlessness and high activity levels would have been advantageous when food levels were short and people needed to move around to look for food.
This is also known as the Adapted to Flee Famine Hypothesis (AFFH)
The evolutionary explanation also believes that women would have starved themselves to keep themselves looking young (thus attracting a mate) whist preventing themselves from getting pregnant when it would not have been most beneficial for them to do so.
This is known as the Pseudo Nubile Hypothesis - 33Biological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa:Evolutionary explanation studyGUISINGER: people with AN are restless and have high levels of activity, directly supporting the evolutionary explanation
- 34Biological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Neural explanationThe brain neurotransmitter serotonin is involved with behaviours including eating, depression and obsessive compulsive disorders.
Low serotonin has been linked with binge eating and depression and has been found in acutely ill AN and BN sufferers.
AN suffers have also been found to have high levels of the stress hormone cortisol, suggesting that eating behaviours actually trigger stress hormones (making it less stressful to not eat) - 35Biological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Neural explanation studiesKAYE: found a reduction in levels of the important serotonin metabolite 5 HIAA in people with eating disorders, suggesting that people with eating disorders have underactive brains serotonin pathways and it is this which leads to the eating disorder
FRANK: PET scans have shown that there are fewer serotonin receptors in the brains of people with eating disorders - 36Biological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Genetic explanationThere is much evidence to suggest that there is a significant genetic component to eating disorders.
Research tells us that MZ twins are more alike in characteristic that DZ twins and that this difference is most likely to be due to genetic and not environmental factors - 37Biological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Genetic explanation studyHOLLAND: studied 16 MZ and 14 DZ female twin pairs. One of each pair had been diagnosed with AZ and twins were verified for identicalness through blood tests.
Findings showed that if one MZ twin had AN, the likelihood of the other having it was a 55% concordance rate. The CR for DZ twins was only 7% - 38Biological explanation for Anorexia Nervosa: Neural Evaluation~Nature over Nurture
~Any biological explanation can be criticised as being reductionist as it reduces the explanation for eating disorders such as AN down to a small factor e.g. low serotonin
~It can be criticised for being deterministic as it claims that low serotonin will cause AN yet we know this is not always the case
~Cause or consequence? we do not know whether serotonin abnormalities cause eating disorders or whether eating disorders cause the abnormalities
~There is no direct evidence to support the evolutionary explanation and does not explain why women are the main suffers of AN when it seem sensible for it to have affected both men and women in the EEA
~We cannot say conclusively that changes in the serotonin system cause eating disorders, despite the scientific evidence such as PET scans
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- FlashCards sobre Eating Behaviour, criado por Taonga Luwe em 31-05-2015.
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