Flashcards
Unit 6 Lecture
Flashcards do conjunto (153)
- 1What nerve innervates the facial musclesFacial N
(CN VII) - 2Facial muscles mostly originate on the ___________ of the face and insert on __________ of the skin-bones
-fascia - 3Presses the cheek against teeth while masticating, and suction in the mouth (drink through straws, suckle, play wind instruments), NOT A MUSCLE IN CHEWINGBuccinator M
- 4How many extrinsic eye muscles move the eye within the orbit6
- 5All extrinsic eye muscles originate from a _____________ _______________ __________ in the posterior orbit and insert on the _____________ (fibrous and white outer layer of the eyeCommon tendinous ring,
sclera - 6extrinsic eye muscle that pulls eye mediallymedial rectus M (CN III-oculomotor)
- 7extrinsic eye muscle that pulls eye inferiorlyInferior Rectus M (CN III- oculomotor)
- 8extrinsic eye muscle pulls eye superiorlySuperior Rectus M (CN III-oculomotor)
- 9extrinsic eye muscle that elevates and turns eye laterallyinferior oblique M(CN III-oculomotor)
- 10extrinsic eye muscle that pulls eye laterallylateral rectus M (CN VI-Abducens)
- 11Extrinsic eye muscle that depresses and turns eye laterallySuperior oblique M(CN IV-Trochlear)
- 12Extrinsic eye that lifts the upper eyelidlevator palebrae superioris (CN III- oculomotor)
- 13muscles of mastication (muscles that move the mandible in chewing motions)- Innervated by the mandibular N (CN-V3)1. Temporalis M
2. Masseter M
3. Lateral Pterygoid M
4. Medial Pterygoid M - 14The tongue is comprised of ________ intrinsic muscles which change its _______________. _____________ (#) extrinsic tongue muscles originate on bones and insert on the tongue, changing its ____________-4
-shape
-4
-position - 15Extrinsic Tongue Muscles (Hypoglossal N- CN XII)1. Genioglossus
2. Styloglossus
3. Hyoglossus
4.Palatoglossus (Vagus N, CN X) - 16muscles of pharynx (throat)contract sequentially to perform swallowing movements begun by the tongue
- 17The muscles of the pharynx are mainly innervated by the ______________ nerveVagus N (CN X)
- 18The main pharyngeal muscles are theSuperior, middle, inferior constrictor MM
- 19Swallowing aka __________deglutition
- 20Swallowing Phases:1. Voluntary Phase
2. Pharyngeal Phase (involuntary)
3. Esophageal Phase (involuntary) - 21How many facial expressions?21
- 22Frowning muscleDepressor anguli oris M
- 23Muscle to Blink/ close eyeorbicularis oculi M
- 24smiling musclezygomaticus major M/ minor M
- 25muscle to look scaredplatysma M
- 26kissing muscleorbicularis oris M
- 27wrinkle eyebrows/ surpriseoccipitofrontalis- frontalis
(Look up in book) - 28Facial muscles paralyzed, facial droopingBell's Palsy
- 29Genioglossusprotracts (sticks out tongue)
- 30Styloglossuselevates and retracts tongue
- 31Hyoglossusdepresses and retracts tongue
- 32Palatoglossuselevates posterior part of tongue (Vagus N, CN X)
- 331. Voluntary Phaseafter mastication, a bolus of food is pressed against the palate by extrinsic tongue MM-styloglossus, hyoglossus, then moves toward oropharynx
- 342. Pharyngeal Phase (involuntary)tactile receptors of the oropharynx initiate this reflexive phase, which is performed mainly by pharyngeal constrictor MM, the soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx, and larynx elevates so the epiglottis closes over laryngeal opening
- 353. Esophageal Phase (involuntary)begins with relaxation of superior esophageal sphincter and continues with peristalsis of esophageal MM
- 36Most anterior neck MM-Suprahyoid (superior to hyoid bone and elevate hyoid bone and larynx during speaking/swallowing
-Infrahyoid muscles are inferior to hyoid bone and depress hyoid and larynx - 37default postion for esophagusclosed
- 38difficulty of swallowing (controlled by medulla oblongata)dysphagia
- 39-Tensor veli palatini -Levator veli palatinielevate soft palate
- 40inability to swallowaphagia
- 41inability to speakaphasia
- 42hyoid boneThe U-shaped bone inferior to the mandible in the anterior neck-not attached to other bones
-Serves as an attachment site for tongue and laryngeal MM. 2nd branchial arch - 43hyoid bone structures-greater cornu
-lesser cornu
-body - 44Suprahyoid M1. Digastric- (depresses the mandible, has 2 bellies- anterior and posterior)
2. Geniohyoid-(between mandible and hyoid), deep, paired
3. Mylohyoid- (acts as a muscular diaphragm in the floor of the oral cavity)
4. Stylohyoid-(styloid process to hyoid) - 45In embrionic development (4 wk old embryo)1st gilbar?-upper and lower jaw (maxialla and mandible)
2nd gilbar?-hyoid bone
3rd gilbar?-ausciles in ear
4th gilbar?- - 46Infrahyoid Muscles are innervated bynerves of cervical plexus, mainly from Ansa Cervicalis
- 47Infrahyoid MM1. Omohyoid M (2 bellies- superior, inferior)
2. Sternohyoid M
3. Sternothyroid M
4. Thyrohyoid M - 48Anterolateral Neck MusclesSternocleidomastoid
look at slide - 49Pharynx(throat) is the space where nasal and oral cavities communicate with the esophagus and larynx. This space has digestive and respiratory functions
- 50Subcategories of Pharynx-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx -hyoid to larynx
T v P, Levator v palan - 51Nasopharynx-space is continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate
-within this space is:
-The openings or auditory (eustachian) tubes. The orifice of this tube is opened during swallowing by soft palate muscles
-Pharyngeal Tonsil (adenoids) - 52Upper respiratory tract-Nose and nasal cavity
-paranasal sinuses
-pharynx - 53What separates upper and lower respiratory tract?larynx
- 54Nose-main conducting airway for inhaled air
-paired nasal bones support the bridge (upper part) of nose
-Anteriorly, the nose is supported by septal cartilage and alar cartilages
-Just inside each nostril (external naris) is a nasal vertibule containing vibrissae-course hair (whiskers animals) to filter - 55Nasal Cavity-extends posteriorly from the nares to the choanae, which open to the nasopharynx
-nasal mucosa is ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblet cells which secrete mucins
-The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left parts
-Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae form the lateral walls and increase surface area of the nasal cavity
-warm, moisten, create turbulance, humidify, clean - 56Paranasal Sinuses-4 skull bones contain paired air spaces
-lighten the skull
-increase mucus production (lined w/ nasal mucosa)
-Drain mucus into nasal cavity via ostia/ ducts - 57Types of Paranasal sinuses-Frontal
-Ethmoidal
-Sphenoidal
-Maxillary
*mastoidal sinus - 58Lacrimal Apparatusproduces, collects, and drains tears from eye
- 59Tears(lacrimal fluid) lubricates the anterior surface of the eye and prevents bacterial infections via an antibiotic chemical: lysozyme
-Produced by lacrimal gland, drain medially across the eye into twin lacrimal puncta, then twin lacrimal canalicula, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct - 60The nasolacrimal ductdrains tears into the nasal cavity below the inferior nasal concha
- 61Order of tears1-5
pic on phone - 62Tonsil types-Pharyngeal (adenoids)
-Palatine (usually removed)
-Lingual tonsils - 63Tonsils-small lymphatic organs located in pharynx
-monitor material in the pharynx for antigens
-on the surface of tonsils are crypts where antigens are identified by immune cells
-tonsiliolitfs? tonsil stones - 64Oropharynx-extends vertically from soft palate to the hyoid bone
-the opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx is the fauces, defined by 2 pairs of muscular arches (Palatoglossal and Palatopharyngeal arches)
-Between these arches are the palatine tonsils - 65Laryngopharynx-extends from the hyoid bone inferiorly to the larynx and esophagus
-Like the oral cavity and oropharynx, this region has a stratified squamous epithelium - 66Cheeks/ lipscheeks form the lateral wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the buccinator muscle. Cheeks end anteriorly as the lips (contain more nerve endings than any other part of body)
- 67The ________________________ (gums) cover the alveolar processes of the teethgingivae
- 68internally, the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by a __________________________ ________________________labial frenulum
- 69Palateforms the roof of the oral cavity
-the anterior 2/3 of the palate is the hard palate (parts of maxilla and palatine bones)
-Posterior 1/3 is the soft and muscular soft palate
-The uvula is the posterior extension of the soft palate which closes the nasopharynx during swallowing - 70forms the roof of the oral cavitypalate
- 71-the anterior 2/3 of the palate is thehard palate (parts of maxilla and palatine bones)
- 72-Posterior 1/3 is thesoft and muscular soft palate
- 73-The ___________ is the posterior extension of the soft palate which closes the nasopharynx during swallowinguvula
- 74Salivary Glandsproduce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity
3 pairs of these exocrine glands supply the oral cavity:
1. Parotid Gland (largest, 25-30% of total vol., duct enters oral cavity next to 2nd upper molar
2. Submandibular gland (below the mandible, 60-70% of volume, duct empties next to lingual frenulum)
3. Submandibular gland (3-5% of volume, each has multiple tiny ductal openings below tongue) - 75Saliva functions:-moistens food into a slick bolus
-Cleanses and lubricates the oral cavity
-chemical digestion (via salivary amylase)
-Antibacterial action (lysozyme)
-Improves taste perception by the tongue - 76sialoithiasis?look up in book
- 77Salivary gland secretions2 types of secretory cells occur in salivary glands:
1. Mucous cells- secrete mucins
2. serous cells- secrete water, ions, lysozyme and salivary amylase - 78LarynxOrgan of phonation (voice box)- just noise, between the trachea and the pharynx
-Supported by a framework of cartilages, ligaments and muscles - 793 Large structural cartilages of the larynx are:1. thyroid cartilage
2. cricoid cartilage
3. epiglottis (epiglottic cartilage) - 80Major laryngeal cartilages-the thyroid cartilage is largest. It is incomplete (open) posteriorly. The anterior point of this is the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)
-attached to hyoid bone via thyrohyoid membrane (ligament)
-The cricoid cartilage is just inferior to the thyroid cartilage. It forms a complete ring
-The epiglotic cartilage is spoon shaped and projects into the pharynx. Motile cartilage closes the larynx and trachea during deglutition - 81Minor Cartilages of Larynx-smaller paired cartilages play important roles in sound production
-Arytenoid cartilages (attached to vocal ligaments and multiple intrinsic laryngeal MM)-causes vibration
-Corniculate cartilages
-Cuneiform cartilages - 82Sound production-vocal folds are comprised of vocal ligaments covered by a mucosa
-the opening between vocal folds is the rima glottidis. Air passing through here vibrates the vocal folds, making sound
-The vestibular folds (aka false vocal folds) are superior to the vocal folds and produce no sound
-The vocal folds plus the rima glottidis are collectively known as the glottis - 83Thyroid gland-The largest gland entirely devoted to endocrine function
-inferior to the thyroid cartilage, anterior and lateral to the trachea
-It has right and left lobes connected by a midline isthmus
-Goiter? hypo, hyperthyroidism? - 84Thyroid FolliclesThe microscopic functional units of the thyroid
-Comprised of simple cuboidal cells surrounding a small quantity of liquid thyroglbulin
-Follicle cells secrete thyroid hormone into the blood stream, which plays several roles in regulating metabolism and development - 85Parafollicular Cells-Endocrine cells between thyroid follicles are called parafollicular cells
-secrete calcitonin which stimulates osteoblast activity (reducing blood Ca 2+) - 86Parathroid glands4 small glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
-These release parathyroid hormone (PTH), which has the opposite (antagonistic) effect of calcitonin - 87The brain-Volume:1200-1500cc
-Weight ~3 lbs
1X10 ^11 neurons (100 billion)
~5X 10^14 synapses 500 trillion) -learning ^, Depression, injury, depression- V
25% of oxygen
20% nutrients - 88Major adult brain areas-cerebrum
-diencephalon
-brainstem
-cerebellum - 89Cerebrumoldest and largest
- 90brain stemmore info
- 91cerebellumhindbrain
- 92braintakes physical reality>
processing multiple types of sensory data>
conceptual reality - 93Embryonic Development of the brainby ~ week 4 of uterine development 3 primary vesicles have developed from a neural tube
Tripartite
1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
2 mesencephalon (midbrain)
3. Phombencephalon (hindbrain) - 94By the 5th week of embryonic dev of brain1. telencephalon- from prosencephalon, becomes cerebrum
2.diencephalon- also from prosencephalon, later includes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
-mesencephalon- becomes midbrain, doesn't form secondary vesicle
-Metencephalon- from rhombencephalon, forms pons and cerebellum
-Myelencephalon- from rhombencephalon, forms medulla oblongata - 95Central Nervous systemneurons- excitable cells that conduct impulses and communicate at synapses via neurotransmitter
-3 shapes: unipolar-neurosensory, touch/temp, bipolar-cell body in middle-sensory-taste, smell, vision, balance, multipolar-motorneuron-interneurons in CNS-lots of dendrites - 963 shapes of Central Nervous System Cellsunipolar-neurosensory, touch/temp, bipolar-cell body in middle-sensory-taste, smell, vision, balance, multipolar-motorneuron-interneurons in CNS-lots of dendrites
- 973 types of central nervous system cellsmotor, sensory, interneurons
- 98Glial cellsnon conducting neurons that have supporting roles in nervous system
-Astrocytes-insulators, help form BBB, microglia-WBC of nervous, oligodendrocytes-make up myelin sheaths, ependymal cells-coroid plexus
14.4 functions of glial cells - 99cancer development in what glial cells?oligodendrocyte
- 100Organization of Nervous tissue in the brainGrey matter (outside)
White matter - 101Grey matter of brain-consists of neuron and interneuron cell bodies (soma), surrounded by glial cells
-forms the cortex of most of the brain
-internal clusters are called nuclei
-contains most of the synapses in the brain - 102White matter in the brain-made largely of myelinated axons
-lies deep to cortical grey matter
-makes up commissures, tracts, and radiatons - 103Meninges of the brain3 connective tissue layers which:
-Separate the brain from the skull
-Enclose and protect the brain's blood vessels
-Contain cerebrospinal fluid (in subarachnoid layer)
3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater - 104two layers of dura materperiosteal layer
meningeal layer - 105arachnoidarachnoid granulations- put CSF back in circulatory system- strokes
- 106pia matersits right against the brain
-support small vasculature on brain - 107Cranial Dural septadural septa are partitions of meningeal and periosteal dura mater which stabilize the brain:
-falx cerebri
-tentorium cerebelli
-falx cerebelli - 108Between cerebral hemispheresfalx cerebri
- 109separates cerebrum and cerebellumtentorium cerebelli
- 110between cerebellar hemispheresfalx cerebelli
- 111Dural Venous Sinuses-the dural venous sinuses are large veins which run within dural septa
-superior sagittal sinus
-inferior sagittal sinus
-straight sinus
-confluence of sinuses
-transverse sinuses (Left and right)
-sigmoid sinuses-continuation of the transverse, which becomes internal jugular VV
clot? CVA - 112C-clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and the subarachnoid space. It is produced by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus (found in all brain ventricles) of pia mater- from plasma- 125mil
-Arachnoid villi (granulations) are located where CSF is absorbed into blood stream
Functions of CSF
-Buoyancy
-Protection
-environmental stability - 113Confluence of sinusesStraight sinus
transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus - 114Ventricles of the brain-ventricles are connected internal brain spaces, filled with CSF
-2 lateral ventricles, 1 in each hemisphere of the cerebrum, separated by septum pellucidum
-A 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon
-A 4th ventricle between the pons and cerebellum, drains into subarachnoid space via paired lateral aperures (of Luschka) and a single median aperture (Magendie) - 115Blood brain barriercollection of microscopic structures that control which molecules can enter brain tissue from the capillaries of the brain
-Microscopically, tight junctions between capillary (endothelial) cells and astrocyte perivascular feet contribute to functions of BBB
-Ions, large molecules and non lipid soluble molecules are generally blocked - 116blood brain barrier everywhere exceptthalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (diencephalon)
- 117Cerebrum functionthe location of most conscious though and intellectual functions
- 118Cerebrum info-outer grey matter layer is cerebral cortex (aka neocortex)
-deep areas of grey matter here are cerebral (aka basal) nuclei
-The surface of cerebrum is folded into ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci). Deeper grooves are fissures - 119Cerebrum info 2-Comprised of left and right cerebral hemispheres
-A longitudinal fissure separates hemispheres
-left and right hemispheres connect at a few locations where white matter tracts and commissures occur
-the corpus callosum is the largest tract between hemispheres - 120Lobes of cerebrumeach hemisphere is divided into 5 anatomically distinct lobes:
1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
5. Insula
(Central sulcus is between frontal and parietal, lateral sulcus is between temporal and others, parietooccipital sulcus between these - 121wericke areaprocess spoken and written language
- 122Frontal Lobe-The precentral gyrus is immediately anterior to central sulcus. The gyrus contains the primary motor cortex, which coordinates most voluntary movements
-areas of this cortex associated with body parts can be visualized as a motor homunculus
-The prefrontal cortex is involved with "executive functions" like decisions, planning & empathy (personality) - 123Frontal Lobe 2Motor speech area (Broca's area)
-controls muscle movements associated with speech. located within the inferior lateral part of the left frontal lobe
-Frontal eye field-controls and regulates eye movements - 124Parietal Lobe-the post central gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex, which receives general sensory info from touch, pressure, pain, position and temp receptors (in skin and joints)
- a sensory homunculus can be traced on its surface - 125Parietal Lobe 2-Wernicke area-comprehends spoken and written language. usually also on left
-gnostic Area (common integrative area) -- integrates sensory, visual, and auditory information. Communicates with regions of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
-Somatosensory association area-integrates and interprets sensory info from the skin and proprioception - 126Temporal Lobe-Primary auditory cortex-receives and processes auditory info
-Auditory association area- interprets characteristics of sound and stores memories of sound (pull up song)
-Primary olfactory cortex- provides conscious awareness of smells - 127inferior coliculireflex to turn towards loud noises
- 128occiptial lobe-primary visual cortex- receives and processes incoming visual info
-visual association area- sorts and processes new and stored visual information
(memories) - 129superior coliculivisual reflex center
- 130insula-located deep to the lateral sulcus
-Primary gustatory cortex-processes taste info - 131Cerebral NucleiThe cerebral (basal) nuclei are paired masses of grey matter deep within white matter of the cerebrum
- 132Caudate Nucleuslimb movements associated with walking
- 133amygdaloid bodyexpression of emotions (mainly fear), development of moods
- 134lentiform nucleus-Putamen
-Globus pallidus - 135Putamen of lentiform nucleussubconscious muscular movement
- 136Globus pallidus of lentiform nucleuswith thalamus, adjusts muscle tone
- 137claustrumprocesses visual info at a subconscious level
- 138EpithalamusThe epithalamus forms the roof of the diencephalon. includes
-the pineal gland which secretes melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate day night cycles (circadian rhythm)
-The habenular nuclei- visceral and emotional (limbic) responses to odor - 139Thalamus- the thalamus refers to paired oval masses of gray matter which lie on each side of the 3rd ventricle
-right and left thalamic bodies are normally connected by interthalamic adhesion
-the thalamus is composed of about a dozen small thalamic nuclei
-Sensory impulses from all conscious senses converge and synapse within the thalamus - 140synesthesiamixing up senses, smell colors etc, confusion of sensory impulse
- 141hypothalamus-anteroinferior region the diencephalon
Functions:
-master control of the autonomic nervous system
-master control of endocrine system (via pituitary gland)
-regulation of body temp
-Control (some) of emotional behavior
-Control of food and water appetites
-Regulation of circadian rhythm (with epithalamus) - 142pituitary gland- master endocrine grandalso called a hypophysis, attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
-divided into anterior and posterior lobes
-the anterior lobe produces 7 major hormones which affect thyroid, mammary glands, adrenal cortex, gonads, melanocytes, and other tissues
-the posterior lobe releases 2 hormones made by hypothalamus (ADH and oxytocin) - 143Mesencephalonmidbrain- superior part of brainstem
-cerebral aqueduct extends through here and connects the third and fourth ventricles
-somatic motor through the internal capsules and cerebral peduncles, located on the anterior surface of the midbrain, to spinal cord - 144The _________ __________ houses neurons which produce the neurotransmitter _____________. This chemical affects brain processes that control movement and the ability to experience pleasure and pain. Degeneration of cells in the substantia nigra leads to _________________________ _______________________substantia nigra
dopamine
Parkinson's disease - 145The ________________ contains the ______ ___________ which issue involuntary motor commands to postural musclestegmentum
red nuclei - 146The _________ __________ or corpora quadrigemina contains the superior colliculi (visual reflex centers) and the inferior colliculi (auditory reflex centerstectal plate
- 147Ponsthe middle cerebellar peduncles contain fibers that connect the pons to the cerebellum
-the pons house 2 autonomic respiratory centers: the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center. These centers regulate the rate and depth of breathing - 148medulla oblongatamost inferior part of brainstem, formed from the myelencephalon
-all communication between the brain and spinal cord involves tracts that ascend or descend through the medulla oblongata
-The anterior surface exhibits 2 longitudinal ridges called pyramids which contain motor tracts
-most of the axons in the pyramids cross the opposite side at a point called the decussation of the pyramids, so that each cerebral hemisphere controls voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body - 149medulla oblongata 2-lateral to each pyramid is an inferior olivary nucleus, which relay ascending sensory info to the cerebral cortex
-Contains several autonomic nuclei which include the
-Cardiac center- regulates heart rate and force of contraction
-Vasomotor center- controls blood pressure by regulating the arterial smooth muscle
-respiratory center-regulates respiratory rate and is influenced by the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers in the pons
-other nuclei here are involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting - 150Cerebellumregion has a complex, highly folded gray matter cortex. folds here are folia
-Composed of left and right cerebellar hemispheres
-along the midline is a narrow band between hemispheres called the vermis, which receives and relays body (torso) position and balance info to other brain areas
-Coordinates and fine tunes all skeletal muscle movements
-Stores some memories of movement patterns
-adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture - 151limbic system-the structures of the limbic system form a ring around the diencephalon
-composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that collectively process and experience emotions
-Affects memory info with relevance to emotional states - 152parts of limbic system-cingulate gyrus- receives input from the other components of the limbic system
-hippocampus- essential in storing memories and forming long term memories
-amygdaloid body (involved in several aspects of strong emotion, especially fear
-Olfactory cortex-partiuclar odors that can provoke emotions
-Fornix-thin tract of white matter that connects hippocampus with other limbic system structures
-Various nuclei in the diencephalon (anterior thalamic nuclei, habenular nuclei, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies)- interconnect other parts of the limbic system and contribute to overall function - 153oldest part of brainmedulla oblongata
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- Anatomy FlashCards sobre Unit 6 Lecture, criado por Brittany B em 10-12-2022.
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