Flashcards
Definitions List
Flashcards do conjunto (128)
- 1Homogeneous Mixturesmixtures in which all portions of the mixture have the same composition.
- 2Heterogeneous Mixturesmixtures in which some portions of the mixture have different compositions.
- 3Compoundspure substances made of two or more chemically bonded elements
- 4Elementssubstances that cannot be broken down into a simpler one by chemical changes.
- 5ProtonsA subatomic particle that occurs in atoms, with a positive electrical charge
- 6ElectronsA subatomic particle that occurs in atoms, with a negative electrical charge.
- 7NeutronsA subatomic particle that occurs in atoms, with a neutral charge. They distinguish isotopes.
- 8Atomic Number (Z):The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Determines its place on the periodic table
- 9Atomic Mass Number (A):The total number of protons and neutrons of an atom.
- 10Atomic MassThe mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units(u)
- 11Chemical ElementIs a species of atom having a particular number of protons, that is its atomic number.
- 12Group (periodic table):column in the periodic table (SIMILAR characteristics)
- 13Period (periodic table):the rows in the periodic table (different extremes)
- 14Alkaline Metals(group 1) soft, shiny, very reactive, low melting points
- 15Alkaline Earth Metals(group 2)softish, shinyish, reactive, moderate melting point
- 16Transition Metals(group 3-12)Fairly reactive, high melting points
- 17Halogens(group 17) Gases-liquids-solids, extreamly reactive
- 18Nobel gases(group 18) Gases, extremely reactive
- 19Chemical Compoundsubstance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
- 20MoleculeAn electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atoms (but may be the same element)
- 21Ionic compoundselectrical neutral overall but composed of ions (charged atoms). Often formed from the reaction of metal with a non-metal elements.
- 22Molecular (or covalent) compoundselectrical neutral overall, but composed of molecules. Chemical compounds that take the form of discrete molecules. Form when elements share electrons in a covalent bond to form molecules.
- 23Molecular Elementa pure substance composed of two or more atoms of the same element
- 24Atomic Elementa chemical species that exist as independent atoms
- 25IonAn ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge
- 26Valence Shellthe outermost shell of an atom containing the valence electrons
- 27Electrostatic Chargeis an excess of electrons which occurs on ungrounded or insulating surfaces.
- 28Covalent bonda chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms
- 29Nomenclaturethe devising or choosing of names for things, especially in a science or other discipline.
- 30CationAn ion with a positive charge, formed when a chemical species has lost one or more electrons creating an overall positive charge. The cation retains the name of neutral element, alternatively you can add ‘ion’ after the name.
- 31AnionAn ion with a negative charge, formed when a chemical species has gained one or more electrons creating an overall negative charge. The anion adds “ide” to the end of the name, or alternatively add ‘ion’ to the end. (“ite” or “ate” suffixes for polyatomic ions with oxygen)
- 32Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic ions are ions which consist of more than one atom.
- 33Organic Molecular compoundcontains a carbon atom
- 34Inorganic Molecular compounddoes not incorporate carbon
- 35prefix mono-1
- 36prefix di-2
- 37prefix tri-3
- 38prefix tetra-4
- 39prefix penta-5
- 40prefix hexa-6
- 41prefix hepta-7
- 42prefix octa-8
- 43prefix nona-9
- 44prefix deca-10
- 45prefix hypo-low or less
- 46prefix per-more
- 47suffix -ideindicates an anion
- 48suffix -ateindicates an anion and more than -ite
- 49suffix -iteindicates an anion and less than -ate
- 50suffix -ousless than -ic
- 51suffix -icmore than -ous
- 52Chemical equationsthe chemist’s way of summarising the process that occurs during a chemical reaction.
- 53Reactantsa substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
- 54Productsa substance that is the result of change during a reaction
- 55Stoichiometric Coefficientsis the number written in front of atoms, ion and molecules in a chemical reaction to balance the number of each element on both the reactant and product sides of the equation
- 56State symbols (s) (l) (g) (aq)Indicates, using s, l, g, or aq, what state the matter is in.
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Aqueous water solution - 57Proton-transfer ReactionsAcid-based reactions involve the transfer of H+ ions from one substance to another.
- 58Equilibriumcondition in the course of a reversible chemical reaction in which no net change in the amounts of reactants and products occurs
- 59Forward ReactionThe reaction of the reactants to form the products is called the forward reaction.
- 60Reverse ReactionThe reaction of the products to form the reactants is called the reverse reaction.
- 61Acidsare substances that dissociate/break apart in water to give hydrogen ions, H+
- 62Basesare substances that dissociate/break apart in water to give hydroxide ions, OH-
- 63Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theoryThe theory in which acid is a substance which donates an H+ ion or a proton and forms its conjugate base and the base is a substance which accepts an H+ ion or a proton and forms its conjugate acid.
- 64Binary CompoundA compound consisting of 2 different elements
- 65Ternary CompoundA compound consisting of 3 different elements
- 66Ternary Acidswill commonly contain hydrogen, oxygen and a non-metal.
- 67Stoichiometrythe relationship between the amounts of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions – chemical bookkeeping
- 68Conservation of MassThe law of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction mass is neither created nor destroyed.
- 69Conservation of ChargeConservation of charge is the principle that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes
- 70Balanced EquationA balanced equation is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge is the same for both the reactants and the products.
- 71Solutiona homogeneous type of mixture of 2 or more substances
- 72Solutedissolves into the solvent
- 73Solventa solute dissolves into it
- 74Molea scaling factor that is a convenient way of describing large things such as atoms or molecules.
- 75Concentrationthe amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution.
- 76Molar Masstells us the relationship between mass (grams) and amount (moles)
- 77Autoionizationis the ability of a compound to react with itself to form ions
- 78Autoionisation of watera process where a proton is transferred from one water molecule to another to produce a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) and a hydroxide ion (OH⁻).
- 79Equilibrium constantK (subscript)eq
- 80BufferAn aqueous solution that resists changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or base. They are a mixture of either a weak acid and it’s conjugate base, or a weak base and it’s conjugate acid.
- 81Excess Reagentthe reactant that could keep reacting if the other had not been consumed.
- 82Limiting Reagentthe reactant that gets consumed first in a chemical reaction and therefore limits how much product can be formed.
- 83Organic ChemistryThe branch of chemistry that focuses on compounds containing carbon (with a small number of exceptions such as CO, CO2, carbonates)
- 84Tetravalentcarbon forms 4 bonds in total
- 85Alkanescarbon atoms bonded to other carbon or hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds only (sharing 1 pair of electrons per bond). They are in the family of hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen single bonds. No functional groups.
- 86Functional groupsGroups of atoms at a site within a molecule with a common bonding pattern.
- 87Alkyl Halides or Haloalkanescontain at least 1 carbon-halogen bond (C-X, X = F, Cl, Br, I). Often used for fire-resistant solvents, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and important precursors for medicine and polymers.
- 88Aminescontain nitrogen connected to carbon. They act as bases in organic chemistry and biochemistry
- 89Amidesimportant in many medicines. Found in nature inc. in peptides and proteins. Amides are the product of reaction between an amine and a carboxylic acid derivative
- 90Carboxylic Acidan organic compound containing a carboxyl functional group. They occur widely in nature and are also synthetically manufactured by humans. Sour tasting.
- 91Valence Electronsouter shell electrons. They are involved in bond making and breaking.
- 92Lewis Symbolsthey are chemical symbols + valence electrons (pair electrons after 4) – when all electrons paired have a closed shell
- 93Lewis Structureelectron-dot structure
- 94Kekule Structureline-bond structures
- 95Nonbonding electrons or lone-pair electronsvalence electrons that are not used in bonding. They are important for reactions such as acid-base reactions and properties such as solubility
- 96Electronegativityis the ability of an element to attract the electrons to itself in a covalent bond. Increases as go for LHS to RHS of the periodic table.
- 97Pure (non-polar) covalent bondelectrons shared equally
- 98Polar covalent bondelectrons shared unequally. They are more reactive than pure bonds.
- 99ionic bondelectrons transferred
- 100A region of electron densityThey determine the shape and geometry of the molecules. They can either be bonding or non-bonding. Electrons in a covalent bond between two atoms are counted as one region regardless of whether it is a single, double, or triple bond (or anything in between). Non-bonding regions are counted by counting the number of lone pairs on the central atom.
- 101Tetrahedral4 regions of electron density. C has 4 single bonds
- 102Trigonal Planar3 regions of electron density. C has 1 double bond and 2 single bonds.
- 103Linear2 regions of electron density. C has 1 triple and 1 single bond.
- 104Isomersare compounds that contain exactly the same number of atoms, but differ from each other by the way in which the atoms are arranged.
- 105Constitutional Isomersisomers with a different order of attachment of atoms in their molecules.
- 106Stereoisomersisomers with the same order of attachment of atoms in their molecules, but different orientation of their atoms or groups of atoms in space
- 107Enantiomersstereoisomers whose molecules are mirror images of each other. Aka optical isomers. They have the same chemical properties but react with other chiral molecules differently.
- 108Diastereomersstereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images
- 109Alkyl groupis formed by removing a hydrogen atom from the molecule of alkane. Changes the ending of the name to “yl” from “ane”. The group have 3 bonds around the carbon atom instead of 4 bonds.
- 110Benzene ringAn aromatic functional group characterized by a ring of six carbon atoms, bonded by alternating single and double bonds
- 111Substituents (branch point)an atom or group of atoms taking the place of another atom or group or occupying a specified position in a molecule.
- 112Stereochemistrythe branch of chemistry concerned with 3Dimensional structures of molecules.
- 113ChiralA chiral molecule is a type of molecule that has a non-superposable mirror image.
- 114Plane of symmetryis a plane that cuts through the middle of an object so that one half of the object is the exact mirror image of the other half.
- 115Chiral Centre/Stereogenic Carbon/Stereogenic centreAny carbon atom with 4 different groups of atoms attached to it.
- 116Proteinspolypeptides which include protein receptors, enzymes and anti-bodies. They are important for virtually all biological functions.
- 117Fibrous Proteinsare polypeptides with chains arranged side by side in long filaments, making them tough and insoluble in water. They inc. collagen in tendons and connective tissues and myosin in muscle tissue
- 118Globular Proteinsare usually coiled and compact, roughly sqhereical and water soluable – often mobile in cells
- 119Carbohydrates (polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones)any of a large group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose, containing hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and used as structural materials and for energy storage within living tissues.
- 120polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketonesCarbohydrates
- 121Saccharidesugar unit
- 122Oligosaccharideseveral sugar units
- 123Polysaccharide100-1000 sugar units
- 124suffix -oseused to form the names of sugars
- 125Aldoaldehyde
- 126Ketoketone
- 127AlkenesAlkenes are hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) and the general molecular formula CnH2n
- 128AlkynesAlkynes are hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon triple bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2 for molecules with one triple bond.
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- Chemistry (Chem1001) FlashCards sobre Definitions List, criado por Katrina Mayol em 10-02-2023.
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- Katrina Mayol
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