Flashcards
7.4 Progressivism
Flashcards do conjunto (66)
- 1Muckrakersinvestigative journalists who wrote magazine articles and books about “bad things in society” (Roosevelt didn’t really like them, and gave them this nickname)
- 2Suffragettesmembers of women's organizations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that advocated for women's right to vote through militant tactics and protests Suffragettes were known for their more radical approaches compared to suffragists, including protests, hunger strikes, and civil disobedience to draw attention to their cause
- 3TemperanceUrban Progressives recognized saloons were headquarters of political machines, little sympathy to movement, rural reformers believed they could clean up morals by eliminating it
- 4WCTU(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.
- 5Jacob Riis – How the Other Half LivesUsed photography to document New York City slum poverty, shocking the middle class and prompting tenement housing reforms
- 6Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the CitiesExposed political corruption in major cities, highlighting the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government
- 7Ida Tarbell – The Standard Oil CompanyA seminal muckraking work that exposed John D. Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices, accelerating the antitrust movement
- 8Upton Sinclair – The JungleWhile intending to expose the exploitation of labor in Chicago’s meatpacking industry, his visceral descriptions led directly to the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
- 9David Phillips – The Treason of the SenateArticles exposing the close ties between U.S. Senators and corporations, helping drive the push for the 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators)
- 10Adamsom Act 19168-hour workday with additional pay for overtime work for interstate railroad employees
- 1117th Amendment 1913established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote. This change aimed to reduce corruption and increase democratic control over the legislative process by allowing citizens to directly choose their senators, rather than having them appointed by state legislatures
- 1219th Amendment 1920Woman’s Suffrage
constitutionally guaranteed American women the right to vote. It culminated decades of advocacy—stemming from the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention—and was spurred by women's vital contributions during World War I. - 133 C’s of TRConservation
Control Corps
Consumer Protection - 14Adamsom Act 19168-hour workday with additional pay for overtime work for interstate railroad employees
- 15Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902Control Corps; After months of attempting to even get a meeting with mine owners, miners struck for better wages, a shorter work week, and union recognition. The impact on the national economy was immediate. Coal prices doubled as production dropped.
- 16Meat Inspection Act - Neil-Reynolds ReportConsumer Protection; The 1906 Neill-Reynolds Report, commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt, investigated Chicago meatpacking houses and confirmed the horrific, unsanitary conditions described in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Its publication forced Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, which mandated federal inspection, strict sanitation standards, and accurate labeling
- 17The Jungle- Upton Sinclaira landmark work of Progressive Era muckraking that exposed the appalling, unsanitary conditions of the Chicago meatpacking industry.
- 18TR ConservationForest Reserve Act of 1891- authorizing the President to designate public lands in the West into what were then called forest reserves.
Appointed Gifford Pinchot head of the U.S. Forest Service
The Newlands Act 1902 (irrigation projects) Roosevelt Dam 1911 on the Salt River, AZ - 19ICCInterstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to oversee the railroad industry
- 20Elkins Act, 1903strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by prohibiting railroads from giving, and shippers from receiving, secret rebates.
- 21Hepburn Act, 1906granted federal regulators in the ICC the power to legally order railroads to set reasonable rates and empowered President Theodore Roosevelt to monitor railroad pricing.
- 221890 – Sherman Antitrust ActThe Sherman Antitrust Act was the first federal law to outlaw monopolistic business practices and was passed in response to public outcry against corporate greed during the late 19th century
- 231904 Northern Securities Company v. USThe Northern Securities Company was a large railroad trust formed in 1901 by J.P. Morgan and others
Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government, ordering the dissolution of the Northern Securities Company under the Sherman Antitrust Act, marking a significant victory for antitrust enforcement. - 24Mann-Elkins Act, 1910Taft; Gave ICC power to suspend new RR rates and oversee Telephone, Telegraph and cable companies
- 2516th Amendment1913; The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration
- 26Payne-Aldrich Tariff1909, signed by Taft in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island and Sereno E. Payne put revisions that raised tariffs. This was one of the highest tariffs and causes division within the Republican Party
- 27Pinchot-Ballinger ControversyBallinger was charged with having once connived to turn over valuable public coal lands in Alaska to a private syndicate for personal profit. Pinchot got the evidence of this and took it to the president, but the president decided it was groundless. So Pinchot leaked the story to the press and asked Congress to investigate the scandal.
- 28Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911tragic industrial disaster that occurred on March 25, 1911, in New York City, resulting in the deaths of 146 garment workers. This event highlighted the dangerous working conditions and lack of safety regulations in factories during the Progressive Era, leading to significant reforms in labor laws and workplace safety standards
- 29New NationalismTheodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.
- 30Bull Moose Party- new progressive party in Election of 1912
-Roosevelt fought for government control of: social welfare, trusts (bad ones), female suffrage, regulate big business, NO monopolies - 31Workman’s Compensation Lawsregulations that provide financial and medical benefits to employees who are injured or become ill as a direct result of their work.
- 32The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)an independent agency of the U.S. government established in 1914 to promote consumer protection and prevent anticompetitive business practices.
- 33gold standard--Monetary system in which circulating currency is exchangeable for a specific amount of gold
--Advocates believed gold alone should be used for coinage and total value of paper banknotes should never exceed gov't's gold supply
--Triumph of gold standard advocated by William McKinley in 1896 election was a big victory for supporters of this policy - 34Theodore Roosevelt at Osawatomie, KS: New NationalismOn August 31, 1910, in Osawatomie, Kansas, former President Theodore Roosevelt delivered his "New Nationalism" speech, a landmark of the Progressive Era. He argued that human welfare outweighs property rights, calling for strong federal government regulation of corporations, labor protections, income taxes, and direct primaries to promote social justice and economic fairness.
- 35Republican Party PlatformHigh import tariffs.
Put limitations on female and child labor.
Workman’s Compensation Laws.
Against initiative, referendum, and recall.
Against “bad” trusts.
Creation of a Federal Trade Commission.
Stay on the gold standard.
Conservation of natural resources because they are finite. - 36Progressive Party Platform (New NationalismWomen’s suffrage.
Graduated income tax.
Inheritance tax for the rich.
Lower tariffs.
Limits on campaign spending.
Currency reform.
Minimum wage laws.
Social insurance.
Abolition of child labor.
Workmen’s compensation. - 37Socialist Party PlatformGovernment ownership of railroads and utilities.
Guaranteed income tax.
No tariffs.
8-hour work day.
Better housing.
Government inspection of factories.
Women’s suffrage. - 38central bank.A central bank (e.g., First/Second Bank of the US, Federal Reserve) stabilizes the U.S. economy by regulating currency, managing government debt, and controlling credit/inflation, fostering commercial growth. However, it often causes political conflict, as Jeffersonians feared excessive federal power and Northern elite control over Southern agricultural interests
- 39The “Democratic Party Platform "New Freedom"Government control of the monopolies
--trusts in general were bad
--eliminate them!!
Tariff reduction.
Direct election of Senators.
Create a Department of Labor.
Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
Did NOT support women’s suffrage.
Opposed to a central bank. - 40Triple Wall of Privilegecentral focus of his 1912 "New Freedom" platform
As a Progressive, Woodrow Wilson entered the White House saying he wished to attack what he termed the "triple wall of privilege": the tariff, the banks, and trusts. - 41Federal Reserve Act, 1913a landmark piece of legislation passed in 1913 that established the Federal Reserve System, which serves as the central banking system of the United States. This act was a response to the financial panics of the early 20th century and aimed to create a more stable and secure financial system through centralized control over monetary policy. By regulating the supply of money and providing a mechanism for banks to lend to one another, it was intended to prevent bank runs and ensure economic stability.
allowing for regional Federal Reserve Banks to operate under a federal framework - 42Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914crush monopolies, root out unfair trade practices in any industry except banking and transportation
- 43Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914Strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempted labor from anti-trust prosecution, legalized strikes/picketing
- 44Child Labor Act, 1916prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years of age
- 4517th amendment1913, established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote
- 4618th amendment1919, established the prohibition of alcohol, making it illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport intoxicating liquors
- 4719th amendmentwomen's suffrage
- 48Ida B. Wellsknown for her pioneering work in anti-lynching campaigns and her advocacy for racial justice. She played a significant role in the early civil rights movement by documenting and exposing the widespread practice of lynching in the United States, particularly in the South
- 49Niagara Movementorganization of Black intellectuals that was led by W.E.B. Du Bois and called for full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans.
- 50W.E.B. Du Boisco-founder of the NAACP, known for his advocacy for equal rights and higher education for African Americans. His ideas contrasted sharply with those of Booker T. Washington, emphasizing the need for political action and civil rights as essential to combating racial discrimination and achieving true equality.
- 51Booker T. Washingtonadvocated for the vocational education of Black Americans as a means to achieve economic independence and social progress. His philosophy emphasized self-help and gradualism, encouraging African Americans to focus on practical skills and economic self-sufficiency in a racially segregated society.
- 52NAACPNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is a civil rights organization founded in 1909 aimed at combating racial discrimination and advocating for the rights of African Americans.
- 53National Urban Leagueformed in 1911 to help people migrating from the South to adjust to northern cities.
- 54Carrie Chapman Cattprominent American suffragist and women's rights activist who played a vital role in the women's suffrage movement in the early 20th century. She is best known for her leadership of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1920) and for her strategic efforts that ultimately led to the passage of the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote. Catt's work helped to elevate women's roles in society and contributed to the development of a more active middle class that included women advocating for their rights
- 55Alice Paulprominent American suffragist, feminist, and activist who played a key role in the women's suffrage movement in the early 20th century. She is best known for her leadership in advocating for the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote in 1920. Paul's approach to activism included more militant strategies, such as protests and hunger strikes, which were crucial in drawing public attention to women's rights during her time.
She served as the leader of the National Woman's Party for 50 years - 561848 – Seneca FallsThe Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention held in the United States, taking place in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York.
- 57Cult of domesticity “sphere”prevailing value system in the 19th century that idealized women's roles as devoted wives and mothers, emphasizing their place in the home as moral guardians of society. This belief reinforced the idea that women should focus on domestic responsibilities and raise children with strong moral values, thereby shaping American culture and family dynamics during this period
- 58Anti-suffrage: “natural order”early 20th-century belief held by opponents of women's voting rights that gender roles were biologically and socially determined. This ideology maintained that men belonged in the public sphere (politics, business) while women belonged in the private, domestic sphere (home, child-rearing).
- 59Against women's suffrageThose who were against women's suffrage believed that it was too radical to argue "natural right," that a man and a woman have the same rights, and therefore the same ability to vote. In addition they argued that the woman's place was distinctively in the house and their most important job was to be a wife and mother. Opponents believed that suffrage came with divorce, promiscuity, looseness, and child neglect.
- 60ERA (The Equal Rights Amendment)is a proposed constitutional amendment designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all Americans regardless of sex
- 61Alice Stone BlackwellAlice Stone Blackwell (1857–1950) was a prominent American suffragist, journalist, and activist who edited the Woman’s Journal from 1883 to 1917, bridging the gap between 19th-century suffrage leaders and the Progressive Era. helped unite rival suffrage factions into the NAWSA- (AWSA & NWSA)
- 62Lucy StoneLucy Stone (1818–1893) was a prominent 19th-century American abolitionist, suffragist, and women's rights activist. As a pioneer for women's education, she was the first Massachusetts woman to earn a college degree. She notably split from the mainstream suffrage movement by focusing on state-by-state voting rights via the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)
- 63Elizabeth Cady Stantonleading figure in the early women's rights movement in the United States, best known for her role in organizing the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 and for advocating for women's suffrage. Her activism and writings, particularly the Declaration of Sentiments, highlighted the inequalities faced by women and sought to challenge societal norms, connecting her work to a broader wave of reform movements aimed at promoting social justice and equality
- 64Susan B. Anthonyplayed a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement in the United States during the 19th century. She was instrumental in advocating for women's right to vote and worked tirelessly to promote equality and justice, becoming a symbol of the struggle for women's rights
--In 1872, she famously voted illegally in the presidential election and was arrested for this act of civil disobedience, highlighting her commitment to suffrage - 65Matilda Joslyn Gagea radical 19th-century abolitionist, suffragist, and Native American rights advocate who co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. She authored A History of Woman Suffrage, co-authored the 1876 Declaration of Rights for Women, and advocated for a more egalitarian society based on her study of Haudenosaunee matrilineal culture.
- 66Jeannette Rankin.Montana Republican, suffragist, and lifelong pacifist who became the first woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1916. A key Progressive figure, she is best known for casting the only dissenting votes against U.S. entry into both WWI (1917) and WWII (1941)
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- AP APUSH FlashCards sobre 7.4 Progressivism, criado por Marina Castelo em 27-01-2026.
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