Flashcards
Evaluating Argument
Flashcards do conjunto (31)
- 1In critical thinking, what does relevant meanPrecise and focused on the reason
- 2What are strengths of evidence (2)If the evidence is sufficient
If the evidence is precisely relevant - 3What is an appealA reference to something or someone, in order to persuade an audience to accept a conclusion
- 4What is an appeal to authorityReferring to an expert witness or recognised authority to support a claim
- 5What is an appeal to popularityA form of argument which justifies a conclusion by its popularity
- 6What is an appeal to traditionA form of argument that supports a conclusion by saying it is traditional, or has always been done this way
- 7What is an appeal to historyA form of argument that supports a prediction about the future with a reference to the past
- 8What is an appeal to emotionA form of argument that attempts to support a conclusion by engaging the audience's emotions rather than by giving reasons
- 9What 3 things should you ask yourself about an appeal to determine its strength/weaknessWhether the appeal is used;
- to override or exclude other opinions and evidence
- without any form of evaluation or convincing evidence
- to take the place of logical reasons to support the conclusion - 10What is a flawA fault in the pattern of reasoning that weakens the support given to the conclusion of an argument
- 11What are 2 different forms of the flaw 'Reasoning from wrong actions'Two wrongs don't make a right
Tu quoque - 12What is 'Two wrongs don't make a right'A flaw that attempts to justify one thing on the basis of another, different harmful thing
- 13What is 'tu quoque'An attempt to justify an action on the basis that someone else is doing it
- 14What are two kinds of generalisationsHasty and sweeping
- 15What is a hasty generalisationDraws a general conclusion from insufficient evidence
- 16What is a sweeping generalisationA generalisation that moves from some or many to all, creating a stereotype. It may sometimes move back to one individual again
- 17What is an unwarranted assumption of a causal relationship/casual flawReasoning that assumes a causal connection without good reason, oversimplifies causal relationships or cause and effect
- 18What is confusing correlation and causeAssuming that because one thing happens before another, or two things happen together, one causes the other. There may just be a correlation
- 19What is post hocA special form of confusing correlation and cause. In a post hoc flaw, the reasoning follows the pattern: A happens before B. Therefore A causes B.
- 20What is oversimplifying cause and effectLooking at a complex situation and saying that factor A causes factor B, though there may be several factors together which bring about an effect
- 21What is confusing cause and effectThinking that the effect is the cause
- 22What is restricting the optionsPresents a limited picture of choices available in a situation in order to support one particular option
- 23What is a slippery slopeReasons from one possibility, through a series of events that are not properly or logically linked, to an extreme consequence
- 24What is a circular argumentAn argument in which one of the reasons is the same as the conclusion, or an argument in which you have to assume that the conclusion is right in order for the reasons to make sense
- 25What is 'begging the question'Special kind of circular reasoning, in which the reasons only work if the conclusion is true
- 26What is confusing necessary and sufficient conditionsAn argument that assumes that a necessary condition is also sufficient, or that assumes a sufficient condition must also be neccersary
- 27What is attacking the arguerA form of reasoning that dismisses an opposing view, by attacking the person putting forward that view rather than by addressing their reasoning
- 28What is a straw personThis flaw misrepresents or distorts an opposing view in order to dismiss it
- 29What is conflationBringing together two or more concepts and treating them as the same thing
- 30What is arguing from one thing to anotherA form of reasoning which uses a reason about one thing to support a conclusion about something different
- 31What is an analogyA form of argument that uses parallels between similar situations to persuade the audience to accept a conclusion
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- AS - Level Critical Thinking FlashCards sobre Evaluating Argument, criado por georgiapilkington em 25-04-2016.
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- georgiapilkington
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