Flashcards
GM Crops
Flashcards do conjunto (26)
- 1Golden Rice 42 daffodil genes and microbial gene
beta-carotene biosynthetic pathway
partially meet daily requirements for vitA
Seed distribution free for poorest farmers - 2Transgenic Plants 2Plasmid vector Agrobacterium tumefaciens for DICOTYLEDONS (2 leaves for germination)
Gene gun for MONOCOTYLEDONS (1 leaf for germination) - crops - 3Ethical Issues of GM 5Issues in West stop GM getting to 3rs world
Profit driven?
Long-term damage to envi?
Patent profits - 3rd world guinea pigs
GM plants for biofuels? - 4Non-lethal GM pest control 7E-beta-farnesene
Alarm pheromone
Against aphids on wheat crops
Produced in many but not all plants
Biosynthetic pathway engineered in arabadopis first
Deters aphids
Attracts parasitic wasps and ladybirds - 5Patenting GM Plants 5Var. protected by Plant Breeders Rights
GM organisms can be patented
:) Legal protection for investors
:( comodification of life
Living things human invention? - 6Problems of unpredictability 6Var. number of genes incorporated
Diff chromo. sites of gene intergration
Var. extent and tissue - specifically transgene expression
Not always stably inherited
Transgen expression vary/vanish
Success rates pretty low - 7Golden Rice Criticism 4Greenpeace - need eat 9kg of GR a day for RDA of beta-carotene
RDA and min. requirement diff. Kids benefit from a little (10%)
Greenpeace - vit pills and carrots as effective
Syngenta (company producing GR) - use GR to get GM crops into 3rd world - 8Early GM Plants 4F.Stewart
Cloned carrot from isolated protoplasts
Each protoplasts = undifferentiated cells forming a callus
Callus grows to roots/stems/leaves and later differentiate - 9GM Tomato Paste - Background and Advantages 6Inactivated polygalacturonidase (PG)
Antisense PG gene to block PG translation
Delays softening
Less waste for producer
Less waste for processor
Better taste as higher fibre content - 10GM Tomato Pastes - Disadvantages 5Selectable marker
ab resistance gene kanamycin - possibilty of passing to gut bacteria? (bull)
Could be easily removed
Offend deontological purposes
Same endpoint could be reached by selective breeding - 11Golden Rice 2 4Produces x23 of beta-carotene
One daffodil gene replaced with maize gene (psy replaced)
Fed to kids in China
Delayed announcement until product was better - 12Objections to GM Plant patenting 4Secrecy - years for patent to be granted
Hard to check validity of claims
No clarity for lawyers
Boost sales while patent protects it - unrealistic claims - 13GM Potato Scandal 4Rats fed on GM potatoes - damage in GI tract and IS
Potatoes expressed insecticidal snowdrop lectin
Leak to media before publication
Gov funded Rowett Institute disowned and head scientist fired - 14Consequentialist concerns for GM plants 2Safety of GM for consumers
Envi. - superweeds, gene flows, ab resistance - 15G Potato Scandal - Criticism of the media 5Sample size was tiny (6)
No clear trends
Too many comparisons
Raw green potatoes naturally toxic
GM strain known to be protein deficient - 16Herbicide resistance crops - Advantages 3Has bacterial not plant EPSP synthase gene
Isn't inhibited by herbicide glycophosphate
Possible reduction in use of herbicides - 17Herbicide Resistance Crops - Disadvantages 4Weeds also become resistant
Genetic pollution - GM onto Organic - if exceed threshold it cannot be sold as organic
Herbicide resistance cross to wild relatives (no maize relatives in UK, but oil seed rape does)
Such resistance can also be from natural selection - 18Herbicide Resistance Crops Safe Margins 4Minimise spread of GM pollen genes
Distance needed varies between species
Wheat pollen heavy so doesn't travel far
Justice ethics - Terminator tech Maybe male-sterile crops
-Impossible for 3rd world use - 19Recent Developments 4Vaccine proteins or abs made in fruit
GM crops to cope with high salinity or aluminium sequestered phosphate
Wheat/maize resistant to drought
Cereals - fix N and need less fertiliser - 20Deontological concerns for GM 4Unnatural
W. countries want to keep advantage over developing countries
Justice issues - 3rd world farmers, patenting, not wanting to switch
Consumer choice over labelling - 21Bt toxin Insecticides - Overview 1Different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce toxins which are potent insecticides
- 22GM Scandal - Maize 7Fed rats glycophosphate resistant maize for 2yrs
= cancers and toxicity
Similar results when:
fed on GM maize alone
GM maize and low dose glyphosate
Low dose glyphosate alone
Author said glyphosate causes endocrine disruption in females
Study great skepticism by other scientists - 23Bt toxin insecticides - advantages 3Each bt targets a specific insect spp
= target prevalent pest (corn-borer)
No longer need insecticide spraying
Low risk? - 24Bt toxin insecticides - 3Overuse can lead to resistance in pests
Bt toxins could be modified against this
If bt toxin resistance increases in pests it leaves organic farms defenceless - 25GM Golden Rice Solving what problem 3Rice contains no beta-carotene
Rice staple food for 2/3 world population
Kids blind by vitA deficiency - 26Environmental Issues 3Gene spread - GM to nonGM or wild relatives - hybridisation betw. oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and weed relatives (Brassica rapa)
GM crops and wildlife - adverse effects of GM rapeseed and beet, good effects for GM maize due to herbicide regimes used
Emerging resistance - minor concern
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- Degree Bioethics (GM Crops) FlashCards sobre GM Crops, criado por katy.lynock em 04-05-2013.
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- katy.lynock
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