Flashcards
chapter 8
Flashcards do conjunto (51)
- 1radical behaviorism"believing that stimulus-response theory of psychology can account for all the overt behaviors that psychologists seek to explain" (p. 188)
- 2empiricism"suggests that all knowledge originates in experience" (p. 188)
- 3classical conditioning"a form of learning which a response becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus" (p. 189)
- 4unconditioned stimulus"a stimulus that normally elicits a particular reflex or automatic response" (p. 189)
- 5unconditioned"a response" (p. 189)
- 6conditioned stimulus"A previously neutral response that becomes associated with a response" (p. 189)
- 7conditioned response"A response that becomes associated with a stimulus through learning" (p.189)
- 8behaviorism"study of overt behavior" (p. 189)
- 9law of effect"states that when a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again" 9p. 189)
- 10habit"some kind or learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently" (p. 190)
- 11drive reduction"the primary dynamic underlying personality development and the acquisition of habits" (p. 190)
- 12drive"a stimulus impelling a person to act/impels" (p. 191)
- 13Primary drive"physiological processes that are necessary for an organism's survival
ex: hunger" (p. 191) - 14secondary drives"learned on the basis of primary ones
ex: being motivated to eat" (p. 191) - 15reinforcer"any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response" (p. 191)
- 16Primary reinforcers"those that reduce primary drives
ex: food, water, need for sleep" (p. 191) - 17Secondary reinforcers"originally neutral but acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers" (p.191)
- 18reflex"autonomic response to specific stimuli" (p. 191)
- 19Hierarchy of response"refers to the tendency for certain responses to occur before others" (p. 191)
- 20cue"a specific stimulus that tells the organism when, where, and how to respond" (p. 191)
- 21response"one's reaction to the cue" (p. 191)
- 22reinforcement"the effect of the response" (p. 191)
- 23extinction"does not eliminate the response but inhibits hierarchy" (p.191)
- 24frustration"occurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked" (p. 192)
- 25conflict"frustration that arises from a situation in which incompatible responses occur at the same time" (p. 192)
- 26infrahuman species"species lower than human organisms" (p.192)
- 27unconscious processes"drives or cues of which are unaware because they are unlabeled or repressed" (p.194)
- 28reciprocal inhibition"entails the introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive response" (p. 196)
- 29systematic desensitization"a patient is conditioned to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and to substitute a new response" (p.196)
- 30specific behavior"behaviors that occur in all members of a species" (p. 196)
- 31overt behavior"behavior that can be observed by an external observer" (p.198)
- 32respondedent behavior"reflexes or autonomic responses that are elicited by stimuli" (p. 199)
- 33operant behavior"responses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present" (p. 199)
- 34operant conditioning"the process by which an operant response becomes associated wit a reinforcement through learning" (199)
- 35shaping"molding of an organism's behavior" (p. 200)
- 36discrimintation"ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced" (p.200)
- 37generalization"application of a response learned in one stimulation to a different but similar situation" (p. 200)
- 38schedules of reinforcement"a program for increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a particular response" (p.200)
- 39continuous reinforcement"the desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs" (p. 200)
- 40interval reinforcement"the organism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed, regardless of the response rate" (p. 200)
- 41fixed"the same time period elapses each time" (p. 201)
- 42variable"the time periods may differ in length" (p. 201)
- 43ratio reinforcement"the rate of reinforcement determined by the number of appropriate responses" (p. 202)
- 44generalized conditioned reinforcers"learned reinforcers that have the power to reinforce a great number of different behaviors" (p. 202)
- 45positive reinforcement"occurs when a behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future" (p. 202)
- 46negative reinforcement"when a behavior is followed the termination of an unpleasant situation, increasing the likelihood of that behavior in similar situations" (p. 202)
- 47punishment"when a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation design to eliminate it" (p. 202)
- 48satiation"entails the permitting the behavior to occur until the individual tires of it" (p. 202)
- 49Behavior modification"seeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment within which they occur" (p. 203)
- 50token economy"tokens that are the giving in exchanged for special privileges" (p. 204)
- 51psychological behaviorism"detailed theory of personality that translates personality concepts into behavioral language" (p. 206)
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- FlashCards sobre chapter 8 , criado por Tiffany Giron em 27-02-2017.
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- Tiffany Giron
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