Flashcards
D+G - Background
Flashcards do conjunto (36)
- 1What is development?The improvement in a number of different characteristics of a population. This can be economic, demographic, social, political or cultural.
- 2What is economic developIncrease in a country’s wealth/change in employment structure
- 3What is demographic developIndicators such as an increase in life expectancy, reduction in TFR
- 4What is social development?Includes improvement in education and literacy, healthcare, housing, sanitation etc. may also include greater personal freedoms and opportunities for advancement
- 5What is political development?rights of individuals, greater democracy and freedom – values and attitudes
- 6What is cultural development?Encompasses empowerment and equality of women, multicultural societies
- 7What is the development continuum?Previously known as the north south divide it has become outdated as patterns of development no longer fit this model. This is especially indicated by the growth of NICs in the past 25 years. Which have developed as a result of the industry from MEDW through the Asian tigers, second generation NIC and the third generation of NICs including China and India.
- 8What are the reasons for a development continuum?The development continuum exists for many reasons one of the main being the need for a polarity between the MEDW and LEDW for use of primary industries for resources and the need for economies to be in a hierarchy.
- 9How do you measure development?1) GDP
2) Infant mortality and death rate
2) HDI (measures wealth, health and education these are again easy to understand and rank and give a more proportionate view of the state of the whole country) - 10What is globalisation?the process by which the world’s local and regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated together through a global network of communication, transportation and trade
- 11What is economic globalisation?the growth and spread of Trans National Corporations, the rise of NICs, the rise of global economic institutions like the IMF and World Bank
- 12What is cultural globalisation?Initially this was the impact of western culture, art, media, sport, and leisure pursuits on the rest of the world. This is now a multidirectional process, as cultural aspects move all over the globe through the Internet and migration
- 13What is political globalisation?Institutions like the United Nations, regional trading blocs and particularly the influence of western democracies and their influence on poor countries have resulted in political globalisation.
- 14History of Globalisation: Late 19th century1) Transport and communication began to expand rapidly globally.
2) WT began to grow with and increase in the level of interdependence between rich and poor countries.
3) Capital flows began to expand as European companies started operations in other parts of the world. - 15History of Globalisation: Early 20th Century1) Great depression caused countries to fall back on their own resources, with the production process being mainly organised within national economies.
- 16History of Globalisation: 1950s1) Fragmentation of production processes across national boundaries which changed pattern specialisation globally
2) International trade increasingly complex
3) Increasing number of NICs (Singapore)
4) New gen. of NICs (India, Malaysia)
5) Integration of Soviet Union and Eastern Countries into the capitalist system
6) Opening up large India and China economies to outside world.
7) International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established to oversee global financial system. Offers financial and technical assistance.
8) World bank mainly deals with internal investment projects, usually in developing countries. Although, IDA provides interest free loans to countries with very low per capita income. - 17When was the international economy established?The 1970's
- 18What did GATT do?Lower barriers on international trade with free trade as its aim. World trade therefore increased at a much faster rate than GDP
- 19History of Globalisation: Late 20th Century1) Emergence of free markets in 1980's prompted by Thatcher and Reagan.
2) Deregulation of world financial markets. Previously, the activities of financial institutions such as banks, insurance and investment companies had been confined with national boundaries. - 20History of Globalisation: Early 21st Century- Increased movement of people across international borders seeking employment.
- With EU, large flow of people from poorer eastern European countries into wealthier western countries (some asylum some financial)
3) 21st Century financial crisis. - 21What are the major patterns of globalisation and trade?1) MEDCs tend to produce MANUFACTURED secondary goods such as cars or computers and sell lots of services. These are high value goods.
2) MEDCs also produce a lot of research and development products
3) LDCs tend to produce lower value raw materials or farm goods such as cotton.
4) MEDCs import a lot of raw materials at low prices, but sell higher value processed goods.
5) MEDCs make rules that limit poorer countries ability to compete – by paying their farmers subsidies to make their goods cheaper OR taxing Imports.
6) The control of the trade rests with the richer countries (MEDCs) who have the major markets and buying POWER. - 22How is globalisation measured?The KOF index
(measures social, economic and political measures of globalisation, on a scale of 0 to 100 with 100 being most globalised) - 23What are the positive economic impacts of globalisation?1) Globalisation is tied up with Free trade, which reduces barriers that stand between nations trading freely. This means companies can profit. E.g (NAFTA)
2) Globalisation creates a steady cash flow into the poorer and indebted countries.
3) Companies can hire workers in foreign countries to work for (helps TNCs)
4) Worldwide market for the companies and for the customers there is a better access to different products
5) In many cases, free movement of labour allows economies to fix ‘gaps’ that exist in their labour markets.
6) Free trade also allows nations and economies to specialise, producing higher quality goods at better prices - 24What are the negative economic impacts of globalisation?1) Globalisation can lead to the ‘labour drain.’
2) Some countries can lose out on tax revenue. Since many companies are able to trade with one country while being based in another, large corporations often exploit tax havens such as Luxembourg, Switzerland.
3) Globalisation has had a cultural impact on many countries that have been subject to large-scale immigration.
4) Specialisation of countries in one or 2 products makes them vulnerable to changes in the market price.
5) Globalisation can swamp weak economies with products, ruining local markets. In Uganda the dumping of cheap clothes donated to charity decimated the textile industry. - 25What are the positive cultural impacts of globalisation?1) Culturally we have become more open and tolerant towards each other, cultural intermingling is common.
2) There is a lot of technological development that countries have undergone over the years. Thus, helping in sharing of information and technology. - 26What are the negative cultural impacts of globalisation?1) Languages differences are being eroded by dominant the dominant language of business, English, putting some languages under threat of extinction
2) Globalisation may lead to loss of cultural identity as Western ideas are sometimes imposed upon other nations. - 27What are the positive social impacts of globalisation?1) In a globalised world, workers can more easily move from one country to another to market their skills.
2) Consumers enjoy a greater choice of goods and services from Free Trade. They also benefit from lower overall prices for goods, as a greater variety of goods for sale increases competition and drives prices down. - 28What are the negative social impacts of globalisation?1) There are experts who think globalisation is leading to disease spreading
2) Corporations could end up “ruling the world” ahead of governments because there is a lot of power and money invested by them due to globalisation.
3) There is immense pressure on the employed people of MEDCs who are always under the threat of their jobs being outsourced to poorer nations. - 29What are the positive political impacts of globalisation?1) Globalisation forces politics to merge and decisions that are being taken can be beneficial to people all over the world.
2) Global networks give oppressed people a voice, social media was used in the Arab Spring protests for example - 30What are the negative political impacts of globalisation?1) Many nation states feel that they are losing control over key decisions and sacrificing their sovereignty
2) The major agents of globalisation, such as the IMF and World Bank, are based in Wealthier nations. - 31What are the positive environmental impacts of globalisation?Since we share financial interests, corporations and governments are trying to sort out environmental problems for each other. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 on Ozone depletion is a great example of this.
- 32What are the negative environmental impacts of globalisation?Many economists and environmentalists have criticised globalisation due to its environmental impact. This can be seen in the increasing numbers of air miles for our food and declining air quality in places like China where many manufactured goods are produced.
- 33Flows of capital:1) Capital is money that's invested
2) Used to be just invested within a country but now capital invested in foreign countries has increased. e.g. global FDG $3000 billion in '96 to $12 000 billion '06
3) Improvement in ICT has encouraged flows of capital round the world
4) Made the world more interconnected and dependant of flows of investment - 34Flows of production:1) Manufacturing has decreased in developed countries
2) labour costs and international trade have caused production to move to LDCs
3) In 1990 £200 billion imports, 2008 £550 billion imports
4) Caused by improvments in ICT and increased banking and fiance services
5) 1970-80 deregulation and opening up of national financial markets to the rest of the world. - 35Flows in Services:1) Caused by improvments in ICT and increased banking and fiance services
2) 1970-80 deregulation and opening up of national financial markets to the rest of the world.
3) Split up into low level (customer care) and high level services (financial). High level tended to be in developed countries - 36Flows of people:1) International migration has doubled since 1975
2) Some are migrants who are highly skilled workers
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- A-Level Geography (A2) FlashCards sobre D+G - Background, criado por Ella Foster em 10-04-2017.
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- Ella Foster
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