Flashcards
Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial
Flashcards do conjunto (24)
- 1Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial1780-1900
- 2Industrial revolution (1780–1840)Changes to society:
Working class/peasants moved to towns for jobs
Urbanisation
Factory work replacing ‘crafts’
Poor working conditions – 12 hours per day, 6 days per week – Sundays for church
Limits to leisure – lack of time, income, space - 3Separate sports - lower classesMob football
Everybody
Physical/violent
Males only
Few (unwritten) rules
Violent
Little (no) equipment
Force based - 4Separate sports - Upper classReal tennis
Exclusive
Delicate/refined
Males only
Written rules
Moral code
Specialist equipment
Skill based - 5ExclusivityMiddle classes kept working classes away from ‘their’ sports
Society segregated classes
Working classes better (fitter) than middle classes
Exclusions to club membership
Only for ‘amateurs’
Gentleman amateur
Exception – football – rise of professionalism - 6Separate sports- lower class eventsMuch Wenlock Olympic Games
‘Festival occasion’
Rural
Athletic events – running, hurdles, football and cycling
Prizes awarded by upper-class patrons for lower-class participants - 7Separate sports - Upper class eventsAthletics
‘Pedestrianism’
‘Footmen’ competed
Gentry gambled
Success increased social status of upper classes
Became patrons - 8Rise of a middle classPeople below aristocracy but above working classes
Made money during industrialisation – factory owners, local government, doctors
Wanted society based on merit
Led the way in reforming education, local government, welfare of the poor, etc. - 9Characteristics of rational recreationRegular participation
Complex written rules – highly structured
Spectating and participating
Skill-based not force-based
Developed by middle classes for middle classes – respectable
Regionally and nationally based
Complex equipment/facilities/referees - 10Industrial revolution1750–1850: time when agrarian, rural societies became industrial and urban.
- 11Initial negative effects of Industrial RevolutionLoss of space for mob sports
Lack of time/income to play
Poor health
Lack of rights
Lack of public provision - 12Industrial revolution - later positive effectsHealth and hygiene improved
More time/wages for recreation
Middle classes/ex-public schools – morals
Industrial patronage
Improved transport and communications - 13UrbanisationMigration to towns/cities for work:
Lack of time/money/space for popular recreations
Needed other ‘pastimes’ (not drinking/gambling)
Lack of space – purpose-built facilities
‘Spectatorism’ – watch local team - 14Transport and communicationTrains/railways made travel easier/cheaper
Spectators went to regular fixtures
Countryside opened up
National/regional competitions, e.g. FA cup
Society more literate – newspapers/results/information
Sporting role models. - 15British EmpirePublic schoolboys – educated to lead
‘Games ethic’ – sport for morality
Taught sporting values throughout Empire
Set up teams/competitions
Clergy – missionaries – church teams
Officers in army to soldiers
Formed NGBs. - 16Provision through factoriesNeeded healthy/disciplined workforce (social control)
Increased production
Philanthropic attitude
Provided space to play
Set up teams
Increased wages/broken time payments
Increased leisure time/works outings/excursions to seaside/countryside. - 17Churches and Local authoritiesChurch promoted sport – social control
Church facilities became venues
Church groups established – Boys Brigade, Scouts, YMCA
Encouraged teams to form – Aston Villa/Everton
Local authorities provided public facilities – wash houses/baths/swimming pools. - 18Three-tier class systemEmerging middle class
Development of rules – codification – public schools and facilities – philanthropists/government acts
Formed NGBs – controlled sport
Strong moral code/etiquette/sportsmanship
Helped development of early professional sport – factory owners/broken time payments
New sports, e.g. lawn tennis
Amateurism – had time/money to play - 19Formation of NGBsMany formed between 1850–1880
For example, FA, RFU
Organised rules/fixtures/competitions
Maintained ‘amateur ideal’/limited professionalism and early commercialisation
Kept control of sport to middle/upper classes
Excluded working classes from joining in and possibly beating them! - 20Changing role of womenEarly sports (football) male dominated
Growth in female football during WW1 (1914–18)
1921: 150 teams, mainly in North and Midlands
1930s: Depression – interest declined
1969: WFA formed
2002: Most popular sport for women - 21Amateur vs professionalMiddle class ‘gentleman amateur’:
Had time/money to play for fun
Working class professional:
Employed to play/payment by results
Early patronage
Commercialisation – more sports – rugby league, boxing
Few ‘open’ sports remain - 22Characteristics of sport - pre-industrialClass divisions – mob football
Physical/violent
Males only
Few (unwritten) rules
Violent
Little (no) equipment
Force based - 23Characteristics of sport - post industrialClass divisions – Association football
Exclusivity/NGBs
Regular fixtures
Spectatorism
Written rules
Skill based
Commercialised/professionals - 24SummaryChanges to pre-industrial society led to changes in sports: rural to urban; playing to spectating; violent and occasional to rational.
Changes linked to public schools and other factors: transport; urbanisation; churches; British Empire; factories; middle classes; etc.
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- A level Physical Education (PE) FlashCards sobre Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial, criado por Bev Smith em 04-05-2017.
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- Bev Smith
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