Flashcards
Definitions in Approaches
Flashcards do conjunto (36)
- 1AdrenalineA hormone produced by the adrenal glands which is part of the body's immediate stress response system. Adrenaline has a strong effect on the cells of the cardiovascular system - stimulating the heart rate, contracting blood vessels and dilating air passages.
- 2Autonomic Nervous SystemTransmits information to and from internal bodily organs. It is 'autonomic' as the system operates involuntarily (it is automatic). It has two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- 3Behaviourist ApproachA way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning.
- 4Central Nervous System (CNS)Consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is the origin of all complex commands and decisions.
- 5Classical ConditioningLearning by association. Occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus (UCS) and a new 'neutral' stimulus. The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was first produced by the unlearned stimulus alone.
- 6Cognitive ApproachThe term 'cognitive' has come to mean 'mental processes', so this approach is focused on how our mental processes (e.g. thoughts, perceptions, attention) affect behaviour.
- 7Cognitive NeuroscienceThe scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes.
- 8Endocrine SystemOne of the body's major information systems that instructs glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are carried towards target organs in the body.
- 9ExcitationWhen a neurotransmitter, such as adrenaline, increases the positive charge of the postsynaptic neuron. This increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse.
- 10Fight or Flight ResponseThe way an animal responds when stressed. The body becomes physiologically aroused in readiness to fight an aggressor or, in some cases, flee.
- 11GlandAn organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones.
- 12HormonesChemical substances that circulate in the bloodstream and only affect target organs. They are produced in large quantities but disappear quickly. Their effects are very powerful.
- 13IdentificationWhen an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model.
- 14ImitationCopying the behaviour of others.
- 15InferenceThe process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour.
- 16InhibitionWhen a neurotransmitter, such as serotonin, increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neuron. This decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse.
- 17Internal Mental Processes'Private' operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response.
- 18IntrospectionThe first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.
- 19Mediational ProcessesCognitive factors (i.e. thinking) that influence learning and come between stimulus and response.
- 20ModellingFrom the observer's perspective, modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model. From the role model's perspective, modelling is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by an observer.
- 21Motor NeuronsThese connect the CNS (central nervous system) to effectors such as muscles and glands. They have short dendrites and long axons.
- 22Nervous SystemConsists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
- 23NeuronThe basic building blocks of the nervous system, neurons are nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals.
- 24NeurotransmitterBrain chemicals released from synaptic vesicles that relay signals across the synapse from one neuron to another. Neurotransmitters can be broadly divided into those that perform an excitatory function and those that perform an inhibitory function.
- 25Operant ConditioningA form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment.
- 26Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Sends information to the CNS from the outside world, and transmits messages from the CNS to muscles and glands in the body.
- 27PsychologyThe scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context.
- 28ReinforcementA consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. Can be positive or negative.
- 29Relay NeuronsThese connect the sensory neurons to the motor or other relay neurons. They have short dendrites and short axons.
- 30SchemaA mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience.
- 31ScienceA means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation. The aim is to discover general laws.
- 32Sensory NeuronsThese carry messages from the PNS (peripheral nervous system) to the CNS. They have long dendrites and short axons.
- 33Social Learning TheoryA way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors.
- 34Somatic Nervous SystemTransmits information from receptor cells in the sense organs to the CNS. It also receives information from the CNS that directs muscles to act.
- 35Synaptic TransmissionThe process by which neighbouring neurons communicate with each other by sending chemical messages across the gap (the synapse) that separates them.
- 36Vicarious ReinforcementReinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour. This is a key factor in imitation.
Informações
- Descrição
- AS level Psychology FlashCards sobre Definitions in Approaches, criado por Melissa O'Mahony em 21-05-2017.
- Criado por
- Melissa O'Mahony
- Visualizações
- 28
- Tags
- Avaliação