Flashcards
ANTH 1 - Final Study Guide
Flashcards do conjunto (56)
- 1PaleoanthropologyThe study of disease and nutritional deficiency in prehistoric populations, usually through the examinations of skeletal material.
- 2PrimatologyA specialty of anthropology that studies nonhuman primates.
- 3Scientific MethodThe process of conducting scientific inquiry.
- 4MutationAny mistake in an organism's genetic code.
- 5FitnessThe relative adaptiveness of an individual organism, measured ultimately by reproductive success.
- 6Natural SelectionEvolutionary change based on the differential reproductive success of individuals within a species.
- 7AdaptationThe state in which an organism is adjusted to and can survive in its environment through its physical traits and behaviors. Also, the process by which an organism develops this state through natural processes.
- 8StratigraphyThe study of the earth's strata.
- 9Mendelian GeneticsThe basic laws of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel in the nineteenth century.
- 10MacroevolutionEvolutionary change within a single species through time.
- 11MeiosisThe process of cell division in which gametes are produced, each gamete having one-half the normal complement of chromosomes and, therefore, only one allele of each original pair.
- 12MitosisThe process of cell division that results in two exact copies of the original cell.
- 13EvolutionChange through time, usually with reference to biological species, but may also refer to changes within cultural systems.
- 14Punctuated EquilibriumThe view that species tend to remain stable and that evolutionary changes occur fairly suddenly through the evolution of new species branching from existing ones.
- 15DominantThe allele of heterozygous pair that is expressed in the phenotype.
- 16RecessiveThe allele of a heterozygous pair that is not expressed. For a recessive allele to be expressed, it must be homozygous.
- 17GametesTh cells of sexual reproduction, commonly sperm and egg, which contain only half the chromosomes of a normal cell.
- 18AllelesVariants of a gene. Most genes possess more than one possible allele, the different alleles conveying different instructions for the development of certain phenotype (for example, different blood types).
- 19nDNA???
- 20mtDNA / Mitochondrial DNAThe genetic material found in the cell's mitochondria rather than in the cell's nucleus. The mtDNA does not play a role in inheritance and thus may give a more accurate measure of the genetic differences among populations.
- 21GenesThe portions of the DNA molecule that code for a functional product, usually a protein.
- 22Gene FlowA process of evolution that involves the exchange of genes among populations through interbreeding.
- 23Genetic DriftThe splitting of populations to find new populations with new sets of allele frequencies (fission and founder effect) and the non-representative sampling of genes as each new generation is produced (gamete sampling).
- 24Gene PoolAll the alleles in a population.
- 25Breeding PopulationsPopulations within a species that are genetically isolated to some degree from other populations.
- 26GenotypeThe alleles possessed by an organism.
- 27PhenotypeThe chemical or physical results of the genetic code.
- 28BipedalWalking on two legs.
- 29QuadrupedalWalking on all four limbs.
- 30PrehensileHaving the ability to grasp.
- 31TaxonomyA classification based on similarities and differences. In biology, the science of categorizing organisms and of naming them so as to reflect their relationships.
- 32Environmental NichesThe idea that the response of an organism to components of its physical environment, as distinct from the availability of resources, is an important component of its niche.
- 33Relative Dating TechniqueA dating method that indicates the age of one item in comparison to another. Stratigraphy provides relative dates by indicating that one layer is older or younger than another.
- 34Absolute Dating TechniqueA dating method that gives a specific age, year, or range of years for an object or site.
- 35AR Model/ African Replacement ModelHomo began in Africa about 2 mya, and multiple branches has evolved, but each eventually became extinct until a branch gave rise to Homo sapiens and then spread into other parts of the world (replacing other archaic populations).
- 36MRE Model/ Multi-Regional HypothesisHomo sapiens arose in Africa 2 mya and spread across the Old World and then on to the Pacific and the Americas. While modern humans have developed independently do to isolation, no population was isolated for long enough or to such a degree as for speciation to have occurred.
- 37HomininiIn a cladistic taxonomy, the tribe for humans.
- 38HominidPrimates of the family Hominidae, which includes modern humans, extinct human species, and their direct ancestors. They are habitually bipedal.
- 39AustralopithecusSome population of this genus is almost certainly our direct ancestor.
- 40LucyThe most famous of the Australopithecus is Lucy the type-specimen for Australopithecus afarensis.
- 41Homo Habilis"Handy Man"; Fossil hominid species dating from about 2.3 to 1.44 mya and found in east Africa and perhaps southern Africa. Fully bipedal and with an average brain size of 680 ml, H. habilis was the first confirmed hominid stone toolmaker. Because this was the first hominid with a brain larger than that of a chimpanzee, and because of the species' association with stone tools, H. habilis is thought to be the earliest member of our genus, Homo.
- 42Homo ErectusA fossil hominid species dating from at least 1.8 mya to 100,000 or so. First appearing in Africa, H. erectus was the first hominid spceies to expand beyond that continent. Fossils are found throughout Africa and Asia, and there is possible evidence in Europe. Members of this species, with an average brain size about two-thirds that of modern humans, made advances in stone-tool technology and were able to control fire late in their existence.
- 43Homo NeanderthalensisA proposed species from Europe and Southeast Asia, dated at between 225,000 and 28,000 ya. They had more pronounced versions of some of the cranial features of H. heidelbergensis, such as brow ridges and prognathism. The post-cranial skeletons were robust and heavy, with short arms and legs, possible adaptations to cold climates.
- 44Homo Sapiens"Wise Person";The taxonomy name for modern humans. There is debate as to whether this name covers certain other species, including H. erectus, ergaster, antecessor, heidelbergensis, and neandethalensis.
- 45Ch. 12 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)A single base pair of the genetic code that displays variable expressions among individuals.
- 46DemographyThe study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
- 47MelanocytesSpecialized skin cells that produce pigment melanin.
- 48MelaninThe pigment largely responsible for human skin color.
- 49Life HistoryThe series of changes undergone by an organism during its lifetime.
- 50Ch. 13 SexThe biological categories and characteristics of males and females.
- 51GenderThe cultural categories and characteristics of men and women. The translation of sex into a folk taxonomy.
- 52Folk TaxonomiesCultural categories for important items and ideas. Gender and race are examples of folk taxonomies.
- 53SubspeciesPhysically distinguishable populations within a species.
- 54RacesIn biology, the same as subspecies. In culture, cultural categories to classify and account for human diversity.
- 55RacismJudging an individual based solely on his or her racial affiliation.
- 56Ch. 14 Forensic AnthropologyDevelop methods to which they apply to older remains that are of scientific, rather than legal, interest.
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- physical anthropology study guide
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- Catherine Ross
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