Flashcards
Chemistry AQA Triple Science GCSE C1
Flashcards do conjunto (117)
- 1How many elements are there?About 100
- 2What do the groups contain?Elements with similar properties.
- 3What is the symbol for sodium?Na
- 4What is in the nucleus of an atom?Protons and Neutrons
- 5What orbits the nucleus?Electrons
- 6what is the charge of an electron?-1
- 7what is the overall charge of an atom?zero
- 8What does the atomic number tell us?The number of protons.
- 9What does the mass number tell us?The sum of protons and neutrons.
- 10Al has 13 electrons, give its electronic structure.2,8,3
- 11What is important about elements in the same group?They have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
- 12What is the name for group 0 elements?Noble gases
- 13Why are group 0 elements unreactive?Stable arrangement of electrons.
- 14What 3 ways do atoms form compounds?Giving, taking and sharing electrons.
- 15What bonding is formed between a metal and non-metal?ionic
- 16What bonding is formed between non-metals only?Covalent
- 17What is important about the mass of a chemical reaction?The mass stays the same.
- 18What is the chemical name for limestone?calcium carbonate CaCO3
- 19What is the name for the reaction where limestone is heated?Thermal decomposition
- 20What are the 2 products of heating limestone?calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
- 21Give 5 carbonates which also decompose.Mg, Cu, Zn, Ca, Na
- 22What is the product of reacting calcium oxide and water?calcium hydroxide
- 23What is calcium hydroxide used for?neutralising acid
- 24What is another name for calcium hydroxide?Lime water
- 25What do we get when we react calcium hydroxide with carbon dioxide?calcium carbonate
- 26What happens to lime water when you react it with carbon dioxide?It goes cloudy
- 27what forms when carbonates react with acid?carbon dioxide, water and salt
- 28How do we make cement?Heat clay and limestone.
- 29How do we make mortar?cement and sand
- 30How do we make concrete?Cement, sand and aggregate.
- 31What is an ore?Rock that contains enough metal to make it economical to extract.
- 32What happens to an ore?Mined and concentrated, then extracted and purified.
- 33Name a metal found in the Earth by itself?Gold
- 34How are most metals found?As compounds
- 35Which metals are extracted by reduction with carbon?Metals lower than carbon in the reactivity series
- 36How are more reactive metals extracted?Electrolysis of molten compounds.
- 37What is the disadvantage of electrolysis?high cost
- 38What is smelting?Heating copper rich ores in a furnace.
- 39What is the problem with copper ores?Limited supply
- 40Name 4 other ways of extracting copper.Phytomining, bioleaching, displacement using scrap iron and electrolysis of copper salts.
- 41Why is it expensive to extract Al and Ti?Many stages in the process and large amounts of energy needed.
- 42Why should we recycle metals?Save resources, expensive in terms of energy, affects the environment.
- 43How pure is iron from a blast furnace?96%
- 44why is this impure iron almost useless?impurities make it brittle.
- 45What is steel?An alloy of iron with carbon.
- 46Give a property of low carbon steel.Easily shaped.
- 47Give a property of high carbon steel.Hard
- 48Give a property of stainless steel.Resistant to corrosion.
- 49Why do we usually make alloys from metals?To make the harder for everyday use.
- 50What do we call the elements in the central block of the periodic table?Transition metals.
- 51Give three properties of transition metals?Conduct heat, conduct electricity, can be bent or hammered into shape.
- 52What do we use copper for?Electrical wiring and plumbing.
- 53Why are Al and Ti useful?Low density and resistant to corrosion.
- 54What is crude oil?A mixture of a large number of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen.
- 55What is a mixture?Two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically combined.
- 56What are hydrocarbons?Compounds containing only carbon an hydrogen.
- 57What are saturated compounds called?Alkanes
- 58What is the general formula for alkanes?Cn H2n +2
- 59What process separates the compounds in crude oil?Fractional distilation.
- 60As the carbon chain increases, what happens to the boiling point?increases
- 61As the carbon chain increases what happens to the viscosity?increases
- 62As the carbon chain increases, what happens to the flammability?Decreases.
- 63What elements do most fuels contain?Carbon, hydrogen and some sulphur.
- 64What gases are produced when fuels are burnt?carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
- 65What happens to the carbon and hydrogen during combustion?They are oxidised.
- 66What is the main problem with sulphur dioxides and nitrogen dioxides?Acidic rain.
- 67What problem does carbon dioxide cause?Global warming.
- 68What problem do solid particles cause?Global dimming.
- 69From what do we make biofuels?biodiesel and ethanol.
- 70How do we get small hydrocarbons from larger ones?Cracking
- 71What is the process of cracking?Heating the hydrocarbons to vaporise them, then passing over a hot catalyst or mixing with steam at a very high temperature.
- 72What are the products of cracking?alkanes and alkenes
- 73What is the general formula for alkenes?Cn H2n
- 74What does = represent in an alkene?A double bond.
- 75What do we see when bromine water is added to alkanes?The bromine water stays orange.
- 76What do we see when bromine is added to alkenes?The bromine goes from orange to colourless.
- 77How are polymers made?Many small molecules join together to form very large molecules.
- 78What are the small molecules used to make polymers called?Monomers
- 79Give 2 uses of polymers.Packaging materials, waterproof coating, dental polymers wound dressings, hydrogels, smart materials.
- 80Why is the disposal of polymers a problem?polymers are not biodegradable.
- 81What are new biodegradable plastics made from?Corn starch
- 82Give 2 methods of making ethanol.Reacting ethene with steam with a catalyst, or fermenting sugar with yeast.
- 83Give the equation for fermentation.yeast
Sugar----> carbon + ethanol
dioxide - 84From what are vegetable oils extracted?Nuts, seeds and fruit.
- 85How is the oil removed?Plant material crushed, oil pressed out or distilled.
- 86What is removed during the process?Water and impurities
- 87What are vegetable oils important for?Food and fuel
- 88Why are oils important?They provide a lot of energy
- 89Give an advantage of using oil to cook.Food cooks faster, different flavour.
- 90Give a disadvantage of using oil to cook.More energy is released.
- 91What is an emulsion?mix of oil and water which doesn't separate.
- 92Give 4 uses of emulsions.Salad dressing, paints, cosmetics and ice cream.
- 93What does hydrophilic mean?likes water.
- 94What does hydrophobic mean?Dislikes water.
- 95What do unsaturated molecules contain?Double carbon=carbon bonds
- 96What happens to bromine water with unsaturated molecules?Turns from orange to colourless.
- 97How do we harden vegetable oils?Through hydrodgenation.
- 98Describe the process of hydrogenation.React vegetable oil with hydrogen, with a nickle catalyst at 60C
- 99What is hardened vegetable oil?Margarine
- 100What are the three sections of the Earth?Core, mantle, and crust.
- 101What are the crust and upper mantle cracked into?tectonic plates.
- 102How fast do tectonic plates move?A few cm per year.
- 103What causes tectonic movement?Radioactive decay causes convection currents.
- 104What problems do plate movements cause?Earthquakes and volcanoes.
- 105What is the % of nitrogen in the atmosphere?about 80%
- 106What is the % of oxygen in the atmosphere?20%
- 107Name 2 other gases in the atmosphere.Carbon dioxide, water vapour, noble gases
- 108What caused the gases in the early atmosphere?Volcanoes
- 109How were the oceans formed?water vapour condensed
- 110What gases were present in the early atmosphere?Carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, water vapour
- 111What is the main theory as to how life was formed?interaction between hydrocarbons, ammonia and lightning.
- 112What produced the oxygen in the atmosphere?Plants and algae
- 113Where does carbon dioxide get removed from the atmosphere?In sedimentary rocks as carbonates and fossil fuels.
- 114What is the problem of carbon dioxide being absorbed into the ocean?Impact on marine environment
- 115What is causing the increase in carbon dioxide?Burning fossil fuels.
- 116How do we separate the gases in the air?Fractional distillation.
- 117Why can we separate the gases in the air?They have different boiling points.