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Flashcards

Unit 5 Biology

Kathryn Bellis Inglês 5,0Avaliação média 5,0 de 5 (1 avaliação) 54 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (54)

  1. 1Stimulus/StimuliA change in an organism's environment (internal or external) that can be detected by receptor cells.
  2. 2ReceptorA specialised cell that detects stimuli and initiates nerve impulses.
    May be individual cells or concentrated in sense organs (e.g eye)
  3. 3Taxis/TaxesBehavioural response in which an organisms shows directional movement to (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus.
  4. 4Kinesis/KinesesA change in the speed of random movement of an organism in response to a environmental stimulus.
  5. 5TropismsGrowth (in plants) in response to a directional stimulus. Can be positive (growing towards the stimulus) or negative (growing away from the stimulus)
  6. 6ReflexA reflex is a fixed movement of some part of an organism/animal in response to a particular stimulus.
  7. 7Sensory NeuroneA nerve cell that carries impulses from a receptor to the CNS
  8. 8Motor NeuroneA nerve cell that carries impulses away from the CNS to the effectors.
  9. 9CNSCentral Nervous System - the brain & spinal cord. The CNS processes incoming information and produces a response.
  10. 10EffectorsOrgans that bring about a response - usually muscles or glands.
  11. 11Myogenic(E.G HEART) The muscle contraction originates from within the muscle itself.
  12. 12Medulla OblongataLocation of the cardiovascular centre that controls heart rate
  13. 13Acetylcholine (Ach)Neurotransmitter secreted from the synapses of many nerves, including most of the PNS.
  14. 14AcetylcholinesteraseEnzyme found in the synaptic cleft of cholinergic nerves, where it breaks down the acetylcholine into Ethanoic Acid & Choline. Prevents overstimulation.
  15. 15ActinProtein found in muscle contraction.
  16. 16Action PotentialA nerve impulse - a wave of depolarisation that spreads along the axon.
  17. 17Addition (Genetics)Type of genetic mutation in which a base is added, causing frameshift in one direction.
    Causes many codons to be changed.
  18. 18AuxinPlant growth regulator (aka plant hormone).
  19. 19Adenyl Cyclase*Enzyme in mechanism of hormone action. Activated when a hormone fits into a receptor cell on the cell surface membrane, which activates a second messenger, leading to enzymes in the cell being activated/deactivated.
  20. 20AdrenalineFast-acting hormone.
    Secreted by adrenal glands.
    Prepares body for action; raised heartbeat, BP, and glucose levels.
  21. 21Adrenergic SynapseIn the SNS, a synapse that secretes noradrenaline.
  22. 22Anti-codonSeq^n of 3 BASES found on tRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
    Binds to complementary codon on mRNA during translation.
  23. 23BMRBasal Metabolic Rate.
    Measured as O2 consumption per unit body mass per unit of time when the organism is at rest.
  24. 24Blind SpotPoint on the retina where the optic nerve joins.
    No rods/cones.
  25. 25CarcinogenA cancer causing agent.
  26. 26Cholinergic SynapseSynapse that secretes acetylcholine.
  27. 27CloningThe process of making a genetically identical copy.
  28. 28Codon (aka triplet)A group of three bases in DNA or RNA that codes for an amino acid.
  29. 29cDNAComplementary DNA which has been made from mature RNA by REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
  30. 30Reverse TranscriptaseEnzyme that catalyses the process of reverse transcription.
  31. 31Cyclic AMPThe second messenger in hormone action. The enzyme adenyl Cyclase turns ATP into this.
  32. 32Cystic FibrosisRecessive genetic disease in which a faulty allele fails to make membrane protein CFTR.
    Symptom: buildup of sticky mucus in the lungs, pancreas, and reproductive system.
  33. 33Degenerate Code64 Codons, 20 amino acids.
    Some amino acids have more than one codon.
  34. 34Deletion (Genetics)Type of gene mutation in which a base is lost, causing a frameshift.
  35. 35Dideoxy SequencingTechnique used to find the base sequence of a piece of DNA.
  36. 36DNA PolymeraseEnzyme that catalyses the addition of complementary nucleotides during DNA replication.
  37. 37EctothermAn animal whose core body temperature is similar to that of the environment. They can thermoregulate, but only by modifying behaviour.
  38. 38EndothermAn animal that can maintain a stable core body temperature regardless of the environmental temperature.
  39. 39EPSPExcitatory PostSynaptic Potential - a charge that builds up in a neurone after synaptic transmission. If a threshold is exceeded, an impulse is generated.
  40. 40FoveaRegion of the retina where cones are concentrated.
  41. 41FrameshiftIn mutation, a situation where a base is lost or added, causing all other bases to move along in a particular direction.
  42. 42FSHFollicle Stimulating Hormone
  43. 43GlucagonHormone, secreted by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, in response to LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS.
  44. 44GluconeogenesisThe production of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (e.g proteins or lipids). Happens during fasting/dieting/starving when glucose and glycogen levels are low.
  45. 45GlycogenThe main storage carbohydrate in animals.
    Highly branched polymer of glucose.
  46. 46GlycogenesisThe production of glycogen by the polymerisation of glucose.
  47. 47GlycogenolysisThe breakdown of glycogen to release glucose. Stimulated (indirectly) by Glucagon.
  48. 48HomeostasisThe ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment/maintained within certain limits.
  49. 49HormoneChemical, secreted by endocrine glands, that has an effect on a target organ or cell.
  50. 50HypothalamusPart of the brain which is sensitive to many different internal and external stimuli. Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland and the whole endocrine system.
    THERMOREGULATION. Heat loss/gain centres located here.
  51. 51In VitroCarried out outside of an organism.
    "In Glass"
  52. 52In VivoProcess happening in living cells, tissues or whole organisms.
    "In Life"
  53. 53InsulinHormone made by BETA cells in the islets of Langerhans (pancreas). Works by stimulating cells to open extra glucose channels in cell membranes, so it can leave the blood and enter cells where it can be metabolised.
  54. 54IodopsinLight-sensitive pigment found in CONE CELLS on the retina.

Informações

Descrição
A2 Unit 5 Bio AQA definitions
Criado por
Kathryn Bellis · abr 2015
Atualizado
15 jan 2017
Visualizações
105
Avaliação
Avaliação média 5,0 de 5 (1 avaliação)

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