Flashcards
week 1 - human organisation and homeostasis
Flashcards do conjunto (46)
- 1What is Anatomy?The science of BODY STRUCTURES and the relationships among them.
- 2What is Physiologyis the science of BODY FUNCTIONS — how the body parts work
- 3What are the four anatomical planes?Frontal / coronal
Sagittal
Transverse
Oblique - 4SuperiorTowards the head
- 5Anterior (ventral)Towards the front of the body
- 6Medialnearer to the midline
- 7Intermedial (relative description)In-between two structures
- 8IpsilateralOn the same side of the body as another structure
- 9ContralateralOn the opposite side of the body as another structure
- 10SuperficialTowards the surface of the body
- 11What are the six levels of structural organisation?Chemical (cells and molecules)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ (two or more tissues)
Organ system (related organs, common function)
Organism - 12What are the four kinds of tissues?Epithelial
Nervous
Connective
Muscular - 13What is the function of Epithelial tissue?covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. This tissue allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environments
- 14What is the function of Muscular tissue?Movement -
cells specialised for contraction and generation of force. In the process, muscular tissue generates heat that warms the body. - 15What is the function of Connective tissue?protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissues bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease-causing organisms.
- 16What is the function of Nervous tissue?Communication -
detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretion - 17Name the 11 different organ systemsDigestive,. Respiratory ,Nervous, Muscular, Integumentary, Reproductive, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Skeletal, Cardiovascualar
and Urinary / Renal - 18What are the components of the Integumentary system?Skin and associated structures
(hair, toe/finger nails, sweat glands and oil glands) - 19What is the six functions of the Integumentary system?Protects body; helps regulate body tempserature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pressure, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.
- 20What are the five functions of the Skeletal system?Supports and protects body;
provides surface area for muscle attachments;
aids body movements;
houses cells that produce blood cells;
stores minerals and lipids (fats). - 21What are the components and function of the Muscular system?Components: Skeletal muscle tissue—muscle usually attached to bones
Functions: Participates in body movements; maintains posture; produces heat. - 22What are the components and four functions of the Nevous system?Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions. - 23What are the components of the Endocrine system?Hormone-producing glands and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
glands: pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. - 24What is the function of the Endocrine system?Regulates body activities by releasing hormones
- 25What is the function of the cardiovascular system? (seven)Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
- 26What are the components of the lymphatic system?Lymphatic fluid and vessels;
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others). - 27What is the function of the lymphatic system?Returns proteins and fluid to blood;
carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood;
contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes. - 28What is the function of the respiratory system?Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air;
helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids;
produces sounds through vocal cords. - 29What is the function of the urinary (renal) system?Produces, stores, and eliminates urine;
eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood;
helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids;
maintains body’s mineral balance;
helps regulate production of red blood cells. - 30What is the function of the reproductive system?Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
- 31What are the three internal cavities in the body?Cranial - containing vertebral canal
Thoracic - pleural and pericardial cavities, mediastinum
Abdominopelvic - abdominal, pelvic - 32What organs are in the Mediastinum in the Thoracic cavity?Heart, thymus, oesophagus, trachea
(and several large blood vessels) - 33What organs are in the Abdominal cavity? (8)Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Gall bladder
Small intestines
kidneys
pancreas
(most of) Large intestines - 34What are the three organs in the Pelvic cavity?portions of the Large intestines
Bladder
Reproductive organs - 35name of the serous membrane in the pericardial and abdominal cavitiesPericardium
Peritoneum - 36Afferent pathway(sensory) pathway from receptors to control centre
A for arrive - 37Efferent pathwaymotor) pathway from control centre to effector
E for exit - 38HomeostasisIs a dynamic system responsible for the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
- 39components of feedback systemStimulus
Receptor
Control centre
Effector
Physiological response - 40three positive feedback systemsblood clotting
childbirth
breastfeeding. - 41what is an atomsmallest particle of matter
- 42what is a molecule?a group of two or more chemically bonded atoms
- 43receptorstructure that monitors for changes
- 44what is a control centre?brain: evaluates the input from the receptor and generates output commands
- 45effectora structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
- 46what is an organtwo or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognisable shapes.