Flashcards
Blood and Circulation Syllabus Flashcards
Flashcards do conjunto (38)
- 1Describe the functions of the bloodTransport:
nutrients gases and hormones to tissues
removes wastes such as Co2 and urea
transports blood cells and antibodies
Regulation:
keeping body's pH within tolerance limits
regulates body temp - carries heat
Protection:
forms clots to prevent blood loss if vessels are damaged (thromobcytes and fibrinogen)
leucocytes protect the body against pathogens and toxins. - 2Describe the components of blood (Describe each component of the blood)Plasma = 55%
Liquid part of the blood
Erythrocytes = 40%
Red Blood Cells - Transport Oxygen
Leucocytes = 1%
White Blood Cells - Fight against disease - 3How are Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transported in the blood?Oxygen = Oxyhaemoglobin
(oxygen and haemoglobin compound in red blood cells)
Carbon Dioxide = Carbaminohaemoglobin (carbon dioxide and haemoglobin in blood)
carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions
dissolved in plasma as a disolved solution - 4Word equation for formation of oxyhaemoglobinHaemoglobin + Oxygen --> Oxyhaemoglobin
- 5Word equation for dissociation of oxyhaemoglobinOxyhaemoglobin --> oxygen + haemoglobin
- 6Write the word equation for the formation of carbonic acidcarbon dioxide + water --> Carbonic Acid --> Hydrogen ions + Bicarbonate ions
- 7Write the word equation for the dissociation of carbonic acidBicarbonate ions + Hydrogen ions --> Carbonic acid --> water + carbon dioxide
- 8List the percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood in different waysoxygen:
3% dissolved in plasma
97% as oxyhaemoglobin
carbon dioxide:
8% dissolved in plasma
22% as carbaminohaemoglobin
70% as bicarbonate ions - 9List the nutrients and wastes that are transported in solution in the blood plasmaNutrients:
glucose
vitamins
amino acids
fatty acids
glycerol
Wastes:
urea
creatinine
uric acid - 10Label a diagram of the heartSee page 81 of textbook
- 11Three Types of blood vesselsArteries:
muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from heart.
Veins:
Carry blood toward the heart
Capillaries:
microscopic. connect arterioles and venules. enable the exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues - 12Pathway of blood through the heartDeoxygenated blood flows through body
Inferior vena cava brings blood to heart from lower legs
superior vena cava brings blood from head and upper body
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Artery
Lungs
Oxygenated blood from lungs enters pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
circulates through body - 13Describe atrioventricular valvesValves that prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria
- 14Describe semi lunar valvesValves that prevent backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles
- 15Define diastoleThe phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles relax or fill with blood.
- 16Define systoleThe phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscles contract or pump the blood.
- 17Define heat rateHow fast the heart is beating
(in beats per minute) - 18Define stroke volumeThe amount of blood pumped from the ventricle with each heart beat
- 19Define cardiac outputThe stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate
- 20Explain the cardiac cycleOne complete beat of the heart
72 times per minute
0.8 seconds per cycle
Systole and Diastole
Systole and diastole of both atria followed by diastole and systole of both ventricles - 21Compare arteries and veins (table)
- 22Describe how the body stops bleeding for minor injuriesMuscles in walls of small arteries that are broken constrict immediately to reduce blood flow
Thrombocytes stick to rough walls made by injury
Sticking thrombocytes attract others which forms a plug
Thrombocytes release substances that act as vasoconstrictors which enhance and prolong the constriction of damaged vessels - 23Explain the steps involved in blood clotting or coagulationReactions result in formation of threads called fibrin
Fibrin threads form a mesh that traps blood cells, proteins and plasma
The mesh containing the trapped material is the clot
Threads stick to damaged blood vessels and hold clot in position
Clot reaction occurs
This is where the threads contract and become denser and stronger and pull the edges of the damaged blood vessels together
Serum squeezed out (blood plasma without the clotting substances)
clot dries and forms a scab - 24Function of the lymphatic systemCollects fluid that has escaped from the blood capillaries and returns it to the circulatory system
Also fights against disease-causing organisms - 25Describe the lymph vessel and relate its structure to its functionBlind ended tubes in the spaces between the cells of most tissues.
Slightly larger than blood capillaries
More permeable than blood capillaries
Proteins and disease causing organisms in the intercellular fluid can easily pass through the walls of the lymph capillaries into the lymph
Lymph vessels join up to form two ducts that empty the lymph into large veins in the upper chest - 26Describe the lymph nodes and relate their structure to their functionOccur at intervals along the lymph vessels
Bean shaped and range from length of 1 mm to 25mm
Each is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue that extends into the node, forming a framework
Framework contains lymphoid tissue that contain cells called: lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells
Spaces between cells of lymphoid tissue are criss-crossed by a network of fibres
Lymph enters though vessel on the convex side of the node, filters through spaces and passes out though vessels on the opposite side - 27Explain the role of the lymphatic system in the fight against diseaseLymph entering the lymph nodes contains cell debris, foreign particles and micro-organisms. Some of these may be able to cause disease
Larger particles like bacteria are trapped in a meshwork of fibres as the lymph flows through the spaces in the nodes.
Large phagocytic cells called macrophages destroy these particles
Macrophages ingest the particles by phagocytosis - 28Identify the different blood groupsA
B
AB
O - 29Define antigenSubstance that is capable of stimulating the formation of an antibody
A foreign particle - 30Define antibodySubstances that are produced in response to an antigen and that combine with the antigen to destroy it
- 31Describe why some blood types are incompatible for transfusionsIf blood types that are incompatible (e.g. AB and A) are mixed the erythrocytes clump or agglutinate
If the receivers blood is able to make antibodies against the antigen of the donors blood then the foreign cells will clump together and disintegrate - 32Explain the Whole Blood transfusionBlood as it is taken from the donor but with a chemical added to prevent clotting.
Mainly used in severe blood loss - 33Explain the Red Cell Concentrates blood transfusionMost widely used transfusion
Produced by spinning blood at a high speed in a centrifuge
Heavier cells sink to bottom, leaving lighter plasma on top
May or may not have thrombocytes and WBC removed.
Used for patients suffering heart disease or severe anaemia - 34Describe the Plasma blood transfusionPlasma is given to patients that require extra clotting factors for control of severe bleeding
Or patients with liver disease - 35Describe the Platelet Concentrates blood transfusionGiven to patients who have abnormal thrombocytes or a reduced number of thrombocytes
- 36Describe the Cyroprecipitate blood transfusionFreezing the plasma and thawing it slowly
When plasma is thawed, the cryoprecipitate remains solid.
Contains many of the substances needed for blood clotting
May be used to treat some forms of haemophilia but is mostly used for severe bleeding - 37Describe the Immunoglobulins blood transferGroup of proteins that act as antibodies
Extracted from blood used for patients who are deficient in antibodies
Tetanus immunoglobulin may be used to treat tetanus - 38Describe the Autologous blood transfusionWhen the patients own blood is used.
Blood is collected from patient prior to an operation that may require a transfusion.
Eliminate the risk of transmission of disease and most of the possible side effects of the tranfusion
Informações
- Descrição
- Flashcards going through the syllabus objectives for unit 1.3 Human Biology Year 11
- Criado por
- Hayden McElduff
- Visualizações
- 59
- Tags
- Avaliação