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Flashcards

Language

asdfjkl; Cognitive Neuroscience 3 Inglês 40 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (40)

  1. 1Chomsky's views on Languagelanguage is standard equipment for humans
    - fully blown language is unique to humans
  2. 2Language Acquisition Device- Mental Grammar Exists
    (The brain must contain program that can build an unlimited set of sentences out of a finite list of words)
    - Innate, Universal Grammar
    (Children develop complex grammars rapidly and
    without any formal instruction. Therefore they must be innately equipped with a plan common to all languages.)
  3. 3Critical Period- time windows of rapid development such that a particular ability must be developed within this window or it will never be adequately developed
  4. 4FOXP2- gene, if missing one copy, linked to developmental verbal dyspraxia
  5. 5Procedural Vocal Learning- FOXP2 expressed in striatum
    - knockout = disrupts song learning
    - substitution = increase length and plasticity in striatum and faster procedural learning
  6. 6Verbal Comprehension- receptive comprehension and decoding of language input
    - perception
  7. 7Verbal Fluency- expressive encoding and production of language output
    - production
  8. 8Broca's Aphasia w/ recurring utterances- "tan tan"
    - however automatic speech (1,2,3...) active
    - DAMAGE TO ARCUATE FASCICULUS
  9. 9Broca's Aphasia- patients know what they want to say, but can't get it out
    - agrammatism
    - non-fluent aphasia
  10. 10Wernicke's Aphasia- deficit in relationship between words and their meaning
    - fluent aphasia
  11. 11Sign Language aphasia- frontal LH: expressive
    - temporal LH: receptive
  12. 12Fluency Deficits/Lesions- production issues
    - INSULA
    - ARCUATE FASCICULUS
  13. 13Comprehension Deficit/Lesions- perception issues
    - MIDDLE TEMPORAL GYRUS
    - DORSOLATERAL PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX
  14. 14Broca's Aphasia of Speech with articulation deficits- DAMAGE TO INSULA
  15. 15Structural vs. Metabolic Deficits- A lesion in one location may impair processing at other locations.
    - CT & Structural MRI not enough to know extent of processing damage.
    - Often function will return in reduced metabolism regions w/o lesion
  16. 16Language has a strong _H bias, Vision has a modest _H biasLeft Hemisphere- Language
    Right Hemisphere- Vision
  17. 17"Split Brain"- only objects on the right visual field can be expressed with language (go to the left hemisphere)
    - objects can be manipulated properly with left hand for visual-spatial tasks (go to the right hemisphere)
  18. 18WADA test- anesthetize left hemisphere
    - felt an object
    - couldn't say with words what the object was but could point it out in a picture because right hemisphere (visual) is still active
    - establishes hemispheric dominance for language
  19. 19LH/RH dominance for langauge- majority are LH dominant
    - about 3% RH dominant
  20. 20phonologysounds of speech
  21. 21semanticsmeaning of words
  22. 22syntaxgrammar
    - rules that exist in our minds
  23. 23phonemes- building blocks of speech
  24. 24formantsfrequency bands of high amplitude
    - first 2 formants can be used to identify phoneme
  25. 25to distinguish consonants- 2nd formant transition
    - voice onset time
  26. 26speech segmentation problem- can't tell where one phoneme ends and the next begins
    - faced by non-native languages
  27. 27speech phonology processingsuperior temporal sulcus
  28. 28McGurk Effect- Visual signals combine with auditory signals to produce speech percept
  29. 29word recognition process- lexical access (out of perceptual system activates word representations in mental lexicon)
    - lexical selection- one best word is selected
    - lexical integration (word is semantically and syntactically integrated with other words in sentence and discourse)
  30. 30alexia without agraphia- can write but can't read
  31. 31Visual word form area- LH
  32. 32Dual-Route Reading Modelorthographic/direct route
    - written word is recognized as visual word
    form
    assembled/indirect route
    - graphemes (letters) converted to phonemes and recognized as auditory word form
  33. 33Surface Dyslexia- overregularize pronunciation
    --- heed for head; pretty; bowl (rhyme w/ jetty & howl)
    - rely exclusively on Indirect Route
    - visual Processing Problem
  34. 34Deep or phonological Dyslexia-unable to read Pseudowords, no problem with
    complex words
    - rely exclusively on Direct Route
  35. 35Semantic Network- meanings of words are stored as concepts in a connected network
    - not strictly verbal but most concepts are closely tied to language
  36. 36N400- ERP signal for Semantic Anomalies
    - perception of anomalous words yields a negative response 400ms after word begins
    - semantic--spreading butter with sock
  37. 37LAN- left anterior negativity
    - ERP response to Syntactic Violations
    - syntactic-- spreading butter with at the sock
  38. 38P600- ERP response for Syntactic Anomalies
    - detected at parietal receding sites
    SPS (syntactic positive shift)
    - agreement errors: verb-subject
    - garden path sentences: time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana
  39. 39Kanzi and Language- acquire vocabulary but lack complex grammar capabilities
  40. 40Recursion- only uniquely human component of faculty of language
    - “There's a speck on the flea on the tail on the frog on the bump on the log in the hole in the bottom of the sea”

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3 Cognitive Neuroscience (Final) FlashCards sobre Language, criado por asdfjkl; em 30-04-2016.
Criado por
asdfjkl;
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