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Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

Minoshka Bocarro Biology Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Inglês 55 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (55)

  1. 1DiseaseAny condition that impairs the normal functions of an organism
  2. 2ParasiteAN organism that lives in or on the body of another organism and obtains its nutrients from it, without it receiving any benefit
  3. 3Host Primary Host Intermediate HostHost - The organism on which a parasite completes some part of its life cycle
    Primary Host - Where the adult stage of the parasite takes place
    Intermediate Host - Where the larval stage takes place
  4. 4EndoparasitesLive inside an organsim
  5. 5EctoparasitesAttach to the outside of the organsim
  6. 6PathogensInfectious agents which cause disease in their host and spread between hosts
  7. 7InfectiousDiseases that are caused by an agent that can be passed from one organism to another
  8. 8VectorAn agent, such as an insect, able to transfer a pathogen from one organism to another
  9. 9ContagiousVery easily spread through the population
  10. 10CarrierAn organism that is infected by a pathogen and capable of transmitting the pathogen, usually without being infected itself.
  11. 11Gram StainA test that distinguishes between two large groups of bacteria on the basis of a fundamental difference in the chemistry ad structure of cell walls that show its succeptable to penicillin or resistant as well as other medication
  12. 12VirusesNon-cellular agents that infect all types of organisms
  13. 13PrionsProteinaceous infectious particles. Composed of protein only
  14. 14AntisepticsUsed on skin to kill pathogens
  15. 15Antimicrobial agentsChemicals that can be used to inhibit microbial growth. Include antibiotics which are substances naturally produced by microorganisms that are active against other microorganisms.
  16. 16Non-specific defencesDefenses found in all organism which are innate meaning that they are always present and are not produced by prior contacts with a pathogen
  17. 17Cell-mediated defencesThe ability of phagocytic cells to locate and destroy or isolate foreign cells
  18. 18Specific immunityIs a complex defensive response directed against a particular pathogenic organism. It is acquired, meaning that it develops as a result of contact with the particular pathogen. It also has memory, meaning that it produces a quicker and larger response the second time
  19. 19Cell-to-cell recognitionChemical interactions between the surface molecules on membranes of adjacent cells
  20. 20LymphocytesType of leucocyte (white blood cell) that is responsible for immune response
  21. 21CytokinesImportant group of singalling molecues, small glycoproteins, that coordinate many aspects of our immune response. Include interferons
  22. 22InterferonCytokine produced by the most virus-infected cells during viral invasion
  23. 23ComplementAn array of about 20 large blood proteins which can kill cells
  24. 24PhagocytesDefensive white blood cells that routinely engulf and digest (phagocytose) foreign material and debris
  25. 25Natural Killer CellsLarge granular lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow and are cytotoxic, providing non-specific natural protection against microbial infection and tumor growth
  26. 26Mast CellsCells in the connective tissue of vertebrates that secrete the hormones histamine and heparin
  27. 27PlateletsMembrane bound fragments of huge white blood cells located in the bone marrow and are important in wound healing and blood clotting
  28. 28ResolvinsRange of naturally occurring substances derived from omega-3 fatty acids which have been identified as signalling molecules involved in the normal dampening of the inflammation response
  29. 29FeverAn increase in body temperature resulting from a resetting of the body temperature set point in the hypothalamus of the brain to a higher level that defends against a bacterial infection. Can be triggered by bacterial toxins called pyrogens on the brain and cytokines released from macrophages.
  30. 30Humoral immunityInvolves the B lymphocytes which produce specific antibodies against foreign proteins and antigens and release them into the blood stream
  31. 31Cell-mediated immunityImmune reaction o T-cells against eukaryotic cells not recognised as 'self' such as a virus, bacteria-infected cells, cancerous cells or foreign cells of a transplant
  32. 32AntigenMolecules, usually proteins or carbohydrates, that are able to bind to anitbodies or T cell receptors and stimulate production of antibodies
  33. 33AntibodiesA specific protein, immunoglobulin (Ig), produced by lymphocytes in response to a particular antigen with which it binds
  34. 34Helper T cellsRegulatory cells that, when stimulated by antigens, produce and release cytokine molecules that control the development and function of other T and B cells as well as phagocytes
  35. 35Cytotoxic T cellsEffector cells that when stimulated by antigen and cytokines, directly lyse or kill target cells such as foreign or infected ells on the basis of their particular antigen
  36. 36ProliferateDivision of B or T cells
  37. 37Plasma cellsCells specialising in antibody production
  38. 38Memory cellsCells that remain in the lymphoid tissues for long periods and are responsible for the immunity that follows many infectious diseases or vaccination
  39. 39Humoral immune responsePrimarily directed against invading bacteria and viruses and their toxins
  40. 40Clonal sellectionA virtually unlimited array of antibodies, which will not react to 'self' can be produce, using a modest amount of DNA
  41. 41Genetic recombinationThe variable portion of the antibody has a relatively small number of genes that are cut and reshuffled freely and randomly to produce millions of different combinations
  42. 42Antigenic variationEvasion of an immune response by shedding antigens or changing antigens upon entering the host. Trypanosome
  43. 43Antigenic mimicryTake up host molecules and insert them into their own surface layers so the host's immune system can no longer recognise them as 'not self'. Blood flukes
  44. 44Active immunityThe body produces its own antibodies
  45. 45VaccinationThe introduction of an inactivated form of a bacterium to produce long-lasting immunity to the pathogenic form of the bacterium; artificially acquired active immunity
  46. 46ToxoidsInactivated toxins, toxin plus formalin
  47. 47Naturally acquired active immunitySurviving an infection by bacteria or viruses that protects against further infection by the same organism
  48. 48Attenuated vacccinesWeakened form of the disease causing agent that is still able to reproduce but which does not cause disease symptoms. Measles, mumps, rubella
  49. 49Inactivated vaccinesHave sufficient immunogenic capacity to provoke an immune response but they are unable to replicate as they may be killed microbes or parts of them such as protein or polysaccharide components. Foot and mouth disease
  50. 50Passive immunityImmunity provided not involving the individual's own immune system
  51. 51Artificially acquired passive immunityInjections where an antibody serum is provided to help prevent a disease from spreading. Tetnus antitoxins
  52. 52Naturally acquired passive immunityOccurs during pregnancy as a result of the mother's antibodies crossing the placenta and during breast feeding
  53. 53AllergyA rigorous response of the immune system to an antigen, resulting in tissue damage or disease symptoms
  54. 54Autoimmune diseasesDisease resulting from the persistent presence of antibodies directed against particular parts of the body
  55. 55ResistanceThe ability to ward off disease through the various defence mechanisms

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Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Biology (Unit 3 AOS 2 - Immune System) FlashCards sobre Immune System Flashcards, criado por Minoshka Bocarro em 06-06-2016.
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