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language
Flashcards do conjunto (23)
- 1Julia Stanley (1977)- compiled similar inventories of words and found there were more words for men but they were also more positive.
- Many words for women had sexual overtones (220 for females, 20 for males).
-Language embodies sexual inequality. - 2Anne Bodine (1975)- Androcentric Language
- there is a bias in the English language which is in favour of males. - 3Robin Lakoff (1975)-Deficit theory
- women speak less frequently.
- Show listening by using 'mmm' and 'yeah'.
- Quieter than men, use a range of pitches - 4Robin Lakoff (1975)Features that differ to men:
Hedging (sort of, kind of), super-polite forms, range of intination, italics, overuse qualifiers, tag questions, apologetic, intensifiers, lexicon, declarative sentences into questions/ uncertainty. - 5Dale Spender (1980)-Dominance theory.
- men dominate in society of language, reflects patriarchal society.
- Negative correlation with names given to label women e.g. mistress.
- Only men have permanent names, women dont have the right to be addressed by their surname. - 6Deborah Tannen (1990)- Difference
- Socialisation begins when we are taught how to be a girl or a boy.
- status vs support
- independence vs intimacy
- orders vs proposals
-men compete, women co-operate - 7Keith and Shuttleworth- women talk too much, more polite, indecisive/ hesitant, complain and nag, ask more Qs, support each other, more co-operative.
- men swear more, no emotions, sport, women and machines, insult, compete, dominate, compete, authority, command and interrupt more. - 8Zimmerman and West (1975)-small sample of discussions
- in 11 conversations between men and women, men interrupted 46 times, females twice.
- men attempt to dominate.
- didnt count interruptions between same sex, very little variety. - 9Geoffery Beattiecontradict Zimmerman and West
- record 10 hours of tutorial discussion, 557 interruptions.
- women and men interrupted equally, men 34.1, women 33.8 - 10O'Barr and Atkins (1980)- courtroom cases and witness' speech
-findings challenged Lakoff's view
- language differences based off situational speech authority or power, not gender.
- 'powerless language' - 11Pamela Fishman (1980 and 1990s)-agree with Lakoff and Spender
- women ask more Qs, backchannel support
- women do more conversational work due to inferior position in society.
- maintain relationship with men
- minimal responses, attention-getters and little topic initiation compared to men. - 12Janet Holmes (1984)-Explored Lakoff's tag questions
- referential tag questions (uncertainty, e.g. we turn here, dont we?)
- Affective. - 13Language and OccupationLanguage and occupation
- 14Restricted occupational lexis-specialist vocab that is only ever used in a specific occupation.
- some (law, medicine) use lexis that is heavily influenced by other languages.
- some employees use language that is part of everyday discourse, resort to it more than those outside occupation. - 15John Swales (2011)Discourse Community:
- share set of common goals
- communicate internally, use and 'own' 1+ genres of communication
-use specialist lexis and discourse
- possess required level of knowledge and skill to be considered eligible. - 16Occupational pragmatics and power-Pragmatics refer to assumed meanings, people know how things work so share inferences - unspoken understanding.
- connect to power, power in knowledge. If know rules of community, participate in it. If dont know how to acquire rules, outsider. - 17Drew and Heritage (1993)-suggest members of discourse community share inferential frameworks. Consist of implicit ways of thinking, communicating and behaving.
- strong hierarchies of power in organisations with asymmetrical relationships marked by language use. - 18Phatic talk- use it at work to support each other and establish interpersonal relationship.
Koester (2004) - being sociable and engaging is vital aspect of effective working.
-solidarity - important in workplace communication. - 19Phonology and ProsodySome jobs require voices to be used in certain ways:
teaching, delivering sermons, railway announcements, sports commentating, journalist, chairing meetings, stand up comedy. - 20Utterance TypesGreeting, agreement, denial, request, declaration, insult, challenge, acknowledgement, valediction, confession, enquiry, disagreement, excuse, instruction, apology, answer, accusation, information.
- 21Chernov (1985)understanding of language is based on human ability to make inferences and probability predictions. extract meaning of a message even after only getting part of it.
- linguistic - knowledge of language
cognitive - general level of knowledge. - 22Chernov (1985) continued-deictic - knowledge of world outside of text.
-pragmatic - knowledge of social aspects of text.
Pragmatic inference made when hearer draws conclusion about speaker and their social role:
-basis of semantic contents of utterance
- background assumptions of hearer
- hearers knowledge of factors of communicative situation. - 23FaircloughAll discourse is ideological in that the ppts bring to it their 'world view' and status. Language encodes these and develops power relationship - 'unequal encounter'.
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- A2 English FlashCards sobre language, criado por Beth Amos em 09-01-2017.
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- Beth Amos
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