Flashcards
English Language Key Terms
Flashcards do conjunto (119)
- 1AbbreviationShortened form of a word
- 2Accommodation TheoryWhen someone changes their language in the style of another participant (vice versa)
- 3AcronymAn abbreviation formed by initials
- 4Active VoiceThe voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action (e.g. the boy threw the ball)
- 5Addresser/AddresseeThe one whom something is addressed by/to
- 6Adjacency PairThe two halves in an interaction (e.g. "Knock knock" and "Who's there?")
- 7AdverbialGives us additional information on the time, place or manner (e.g. ...in May)
- 8Agenda-SettingDeciding when/where things must be discussed
- 9AntonymA word that means the opposite to another (e.g. big and small)
- 10AudienceSpectators or listeners at a performance or the aimed body
- 11Backchannel BehaviourA noise, gesture or expression to indicate that the listener is playing attention to the speaker
- 12BlendA new word combined by two existing ones
- 13BorrowingThe adoption of root words from other languages to create new words
- 14ClauseA group of words containing a subject and its verb (e.g. It was late when he arrived)
- 15CollocationWords that are typically found together
- 16ColloquialInformal language
- 17CompoundingCreating new words by joining others
- 18ConnotationAn idea/feeling a word creates
- 19ConsonantA speech where the breath is at least partially obstructed and can be added to a vowel to form a syllable
- 20ContextCircumstances of the text (mode, field, function and tenor)
- 21ConvergenceMore towards the way other people speak to match another group or social identity with purpose to express shared identity
- 22Covert PrestigePronunciation previously inferior that has become superior
- 23DeclarativeA statement
- 24DeixisRelies on context to give meaning
- 25DenotationThe literal meaning of a word
- 26Derivation (affixing)Taking a basic word and adding prefixes and suffixes to create a new, related word
- 27Descriptive ApproachDescribes in a descriptive way the grammar in use
- 28Discourse(A word with several meanings) Including the study of the whole text, structure and underlying ideology
- 29Discourse MarkerWords that mark divisions between the parts of communication (e.g. 'well and 'right')
- 30DivergenceAdjusting your speech to sound different, trying to express seperation
- 31ElisionThe omission of a sound or syllable when speaking (e.g. I'm or let's )
- 32EllipsisThe omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are unnecessary or able to be understood from contextual clues.
- 33EtymologyThe study of the origins of words
- 34FaceThe self image someone presents publicly
- 35FieldThe broader topic in which something is created
- 36FigurtativeWords that aren't used literally, such as in metaphors and similes, often suggesting a comparison between two things
- 37FillerSounds or words that are spoken to fill potential gaps in utterances (e.g. "er", "um" and "y'know")
- 38First Person PronounI/me/we/us
- 39Footing(Bound with tenor) It's where you find yourself in relation to other people
- 40FormalityThe way people adjust the tone of their language to suit the situation (also register)
- 41Framing MoveDiscourse marker
- 42FunctionThe purpose of something, beyond its structure
- 43Glottal StopA speech sound produced by a momentary closure of the glottis, followed by an explosive
- 44GrammarThe structure or form of language within a sentence
- 45GraphemeThe term for basic unit written in langauge
- 46GraphologyThe visual aspects of texts
- 47Grice's MaximsQuantity (not saying too much/little), Quality (be truthful), Relevance (be relevant) and Manner (be clear)
- 48HedgeA word or phrase that softens the force with which something is said
- 49IdiolectLanguage or speech patterns
- 50ImperativeAn order/command
- 51ImplicatureWhat the speaker or write is implying beyond the literal sense
- 52InformalityA manner of communication that is spontaneous, private and reliant on the content of participants relationship
- 53IntensifierAn adverb used to intensify or modify a verb
- 54InterrogativeA grammatical form conventionally expressing a question
- 55InterruptionStopping someone speaking by speaking oneself
- 56IntonationThe rise and fall of the voice in pitch
- 57JargonSpecific to particular subjects, usually difficult to understand
- 58Joo's 5 Levels of FormalityFrozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual and Intimate
- 59Key ConstituentAn essential part of something, whole
- 60LexemeStem of a word (go)
- 61LexisWords
- 62Literal MeaningThe most basic sense of a word
- 63Marker of Sympathetic CircularityCheck the receiver remains engaged in the conversation (like backchanneling)
- 64MetaphorA comparison between two seemingly unrelated things. They create a much stronger, more definite image than similes as the object is transformed into the other (e.g. She was my rock)
- 65Mitigated ImperativeA grammatical form expressing an order in a subtle manner (e.g. Please mow the lawn)
- 66MLU (Mean Length of Utterance)A statistical term for the assessing in a conversation how much each person speaks
- 67Modal Auxiliary VerbA verb that modifies the meaning of the main verb in a clause (will, would, should, ought to...)
- 68Modal ExpressionIndicates the attitude of the speaker towards the situation
- 69ModeThe text type/way that language is transmitted from person to person
- 70Monosyllabic(Of a word or utterance) consisting of one syllable
- 71MorphemeThe end you stick on (morphs the word) (e.g. I make, he makes, I am making)
- 72MorphologyThe study of word formation
- 73NeologismMaking a new word or expression
- 74NomilanisationThe process of transforming verbs into nouns
- 75OnomatopoeiaWhen a word reflects the sound of an object or action to which it refers
- 76Overlapping SpeechWhen one person starts speaking before the other has finished
- 77Passive VoiceWhen the subject of the sentence isn't mentioned (e.g. You will be prosecuted if...)
- 78Past TenseWhen a verb expresses something that happened previously
- 79PhaticReferring to the social part of communication, rather than its mesaage
- 80PhonemeThe smallest sound in language
- 81PhonologyStudy of sounds in language
- 82PhraseA small group of words (or single) forming a grammatical unit within clauses and sentences
- 83PitchThe level of voice, the highness or lowness of a tone
- 84Post-ModificationPutting the describing part after the noun (e.g. the husky bloke who lives on my street)
- 85PragmaticsThe study of how meanings are conveyed in social contexts of language use
- 86PrefixA morpheme added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning
- 87Pre-ModificationPutting a word or words before a noun to build up a phrase
- 88Prescriptive ApproachLays down the rules of 'correct grammar'
- 89Present TenseThe form or verb typically expressing something occurring or existing now
- 90PrestigePronunciation considered superior
- 91Received Pronunciation (RP)The accent provided as the standard pronunciation of individual words in a dictionary, also recognized as a marker of social status
- 92RegisterA form of language appropriate to a particular situation or context, including its mode, tenor and function
- 93SalutationA greeting
- 94Schwaə
- 95Second Person PronounYou/thee/thou
- 96Semantic FieldA group of words drawn from a particular area (e.g. food or colours)
- 97SemanticsThe study of relationships between words and meanings
- 98SlangInformal language, usually spoken, often short lived
- 99Standard EnglishThe conventional and accepted forms of words and usage in the English Language
- 100StigmatisedLanguage considered inferior
- 101StressPlace emphasis on a word and syllable, in speech often perceived as increasedvolume
- 102StructureThe way that language is put together and given shape
- 103Sub-textThe literacy term for underlying (pragmatic) meanings within a text
- 104Subject-Specific LexisA group of words relating to particular topics
- 105SuffixA morpheme added to the end of a word to modify its meaning
- 106SynonymA word that has the same or similar meaning to another
- 107Taboo LanguageConsidered forbidden within a certain social circumstance because it's highly inappropriate
- 108Tag QuestionA short interrogative structure attached to a declarative (e.g. "Nice day, isn't it?')
- 109TenorThe relationship between the write/speaker and the audience, reflecting their roles and status
- 110Terms of AddressThe manner in which someone refers to another, reflecting the nature of their relationship
- 111TextA sequence of sentences or utterances in spoken, written, preened or electronic language
- 112Text StructureThe way that a text is put together and given shape, with the reference to the styles that receivers expect according to subject matter
- 113Third Person PronounHe/she/it/they
- 114Transactional LanguageLanguage used to pass information
- 115TurntakingThe ways speakers exchange turns in a conversation
- 116UtteranceThe physical realization of a sentence in its spoken or written form
- 117VowelThe nucleus of a syllable, technically a speech sound produced by comparatively open configuration of the vowel tract
- 118Word ClassA category of words of similar function, such as a noun
- 119AmbiguousOpen to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning
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- AS English Language FlashCards sobre English Language Key Terms, criado por emilyralphs em 22-04-2014.
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- emilyralphs
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